| 词条 | Nova N 176 |
| 释义 |
DescriptionThe manuscript is stored in the Nova fonds of Chinese manuscripts in the IOM (call number N 176{{#tag:ref|In Russian, фонд «Nova», шифр Н 176.|group=note}}, inventory number 1055), and comprises nine quires sewn together, one loose quire, and seven loose folios, in total 63½ folios (127 leaves), together with a piece of cloth cover with Khitan characters on it.{{#tag:ref|With a few exceptions, the back of each folio in the manuscript is blank. Each quire consists of six folios, arranged into three pairs with the blank sides of adjacent folios facing each other. The leaves of the codex have been numbered sequentially by the IOM, but only the front page of most leaves has any text.[3]|group=note}} The codex is enclosed in a brown leather binding of an Islamic type, which may or may not be the original binding.[4]
Each page of the manuscript has six ruled columns of text, each column comprising between 17 and 26 characters written in ink in cursive handwriting. Most of the manuscript appears to be written in a single hand.[5] HistoryThe earliest known location for the manuscript was the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Kyrgyz Branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. At some unknown date (1954 or earlier) the manuscript was sent from the institute in Kyrgyzstan to the Institute of Oriental Studies (IOS) in Moscow for identification and decipherment, and in November 1954, it was sent from Moscow to the Department of Oriental Manuscripts of the IOS (later the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts) in Leningrad, where it has remained ever since.[6] It is unknown where exactly the manuscript was found, but Kyrgyzstan is within the area of the Kara-Khitan Khanate (also known as the Western Liao), founded by Khitans after the overthrow of the Liao Empire by the Jurchens, and so Zaytsev suggests that the book probably came from a Western Liao site. Furthermore, as the Khitan script was still used by the Kara-Khitans the book may have been written during the Western Liao (1124–1218) period rather than being a relic of the Liao dynasty brought west with the fleeing Khitans. Zaytsev notes the possibility that the book may have been discovered during excavations of the Silk Road city of Suyab (modern day Ak-Beshim in Kyrgyzstan) during 1953–1954.[7] The manuscript was catalogued in the IOM collection as a manuscript written in the Jurchen language, and the general consensus of those few scholars who were able to examine it was that it was probably written in the Jurchen script.[8] Despite the probable importance of this manuscript, no research on it was published until 2010, when Zaytsev presented his initial findings on the language and script of the manuscript to the annual scientific session of the IOM.[1] ContentAt present the precise subject matter of the manuscript is still unknown, although it appears to be different in nature to the epitaphs found on the surviving monumental inscriptions as there are significant differences in vocabulary between the manuscript and known memorial inscriptions.[9] Due to the frequent occurrence of the Khitan characters for "state" and "emperor", Zaytsev considers that the manuscript may be a work of history or an official document.[10] DeciphermentReading the manuscript is a great challenge, as not only is the Khitan large script largely undeciphered, but the manuscript text is written in a previously unattested cursive style of writing which makes it difficult to match the characters as written in the manuscript with the forms of characters as written on monumental inscriptions.[11] To date, only some individual Khitan characters (e.g. "state" and "emperor") and two short stretches of text that correspond to text found on monumental inscriptions in the Khitan large script have been identified and read. Zaytsev identified eight characters at the end of the 5th column of leaf 9 as meaning the date "Chongxi 14th year 2nd month", and seven characters at the start of the 6th column of the same leaf as meaning "Great Central [?] Khitan State".{{#tag:ref|The exact meaning and pronunciation of the Khitan word corresponding to the 4th and 5th characters are unknown. Daniel Kane sumarises the theories of various scholars that the corresponding two characters in the Khitan small script could mean *hulus "state", *hala ~ *kara "black", "hus" "strong", or be the unknown Khitan word for Liao. He transcribes the Khitan small script equivalent of this text as SignificanceA relatively large number of memorial inscriptions written in both the Khitan large script and the Khitan small script are known, but there are no surviving printed books in either Khitan script, and no Chinese glossaries of the Khitan language. Until recently, the only known examples of Khitan text not inscribed on stone or portable artefacts were five Khitan large script characters recorded by Wang Yi 王易, who was sent as an envoy to the Khitans in 1058, and which are reproduced in a mid 14th century book on calligraphy written by Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀.[16] In 2002 a small fragment of a Khitan manuscript with seven Khitan large characters and interlinear glosses in Old Uyghur was identified in the collection of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[17] Nova N 176 is therefore the only known example of a full-length manuscript text written in the Khitan language (in either of the two Khitan scripts) to have survived to the present day.[9] Not only is this the only complete Khitan manuscript text to have been discovered, but it is by far the longest example of any text written in the Khitan large script; indeed, its estimated length of approximately 15,000 characters (20 characters × 6 columns × 127 pages) is equivalent to that of the entire corpus of known monumental inscriptions written in the Khitan large script (given as 15,000 characters by Wu & Janhunen).[18] See also
Notes1. ^1 {{Cite web | author=O. A. Vodneva (О. А. Воднева) | script-title=ru:Отчет о ежегодной научной сессии ИВР РАН – 2010 |trans-title=Report on the annual scientific session of the IOM – 2010 | url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2852&Itemid=137 | publisher=Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences | date=2 June 2011 | accessdate=2012-02-04 | language=Russian }} 2. ^{{Cite web | title=ILCAA Joint Research Project: New Trends in the Studies on Qidan Scripts | url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/en/projects/jrp/jrp174 }} 3. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=131}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|pp=136–137}} 5. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=133}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=130}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|pp=147–148}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|pp=130–131}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web | last=Zaytsev | first=Viacheslav P. | title=The First Session of the Far Eastern Studies Seminar — Presentation by V.Zaytsev | url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2745&Itemid=48 | publisher=Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences | date=28 October 2011 | accessdate=2012-02-04 }} 10. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=141}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=146}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Kane|2009|pp=162–165}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|p=144}} 14. ^1 {{harvnb|Zaytsev|2011|pp=143–146}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Kane|2009|p=162}} 16. ^{{harvnb|Kane|2009|pp=169–170}} 17. ^{{Cite book | last=Wang | first=Ding | chapter=Ch 3586 — ein khitanisches Fragment mit uigurischen Glossen in der Berliner Turfansammlung | editor1-last=Durkin-Meisterernst | editor1-first=Desmond | editor2-last=Raschmann | editor2-first=Simone-Christiane | editor3-last=Wilkens | editor3-first=Jens | editor4-last=Yaldiz | editor4-first=Marianne | editor5-last=Zieme | editor5-first=Peter | title=Turfan Revisited: The First Century of Research into the Arts and Cultures of the Silk Road | publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag | year=2004 | isbn=978-3-496-02763-8 }} 18. ^{{harvnb|Wu|Janhunen|2010|pp=136–137}} Footnotes{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}References
External links
5 : Archaeology of Kyrgyzstan|Central Asian manuscripts|Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Khitan scripts|Manuscripts written in undeciphered writing systems |
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