| 词条 | Nuaulu language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Nuaulu | nativename = | states = Indonesia (Maluku Islands) | region = Seram | speakers = 2,000 | date = 1990–1995 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian (MP) | fam3 = Central–Eastern MP | fam4 = Central Maluku | fam5 = East Central Maluku | fam6 = Seram | lc1 = nxl | ld1 = South | lc2 = nni | ld2 = North | glotto = nuau1240 | glottorefname = Patakai | fam8 = Sawai–Nuaulu }}Nuaulu is a language in the island of Seram, Indonesia spoken by the Nuaulu people. The language is split into two dialects: a northern dialect and southern dialect. However, the disparity between the two dialects pose as a communication barrier between them. Because of this drastic difference, the dialect of Nuaulu referred to on this page will be the southern dialect.[1] Recorded in 1991, a survey of a few coastal villages of Southern Seram show there were around 1000 speakers of the Southern dialect.[2] Religion plays an important part on the language statistics. Those who stick to the native religious practices tend to use the native language more. Those that have converted to another religion tend to use Ambonese Malay, a language necessary for educational purposes, more often. This is due to religious segregation, separating the traditional local religion from others by sending them to a secluded section of the village for them. This minimizes the usage of Nuaulu in the separated section of the main village.[3] PhonologyPhonemesIn the Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian language group, Nuaulu has the least phonemes, with 16 total phonemes.[4]
Nuaulu also has a glottal stop, but Bolton (1991) considers it non-phonemic. This is due to the lack of impact the glottal stop provides. The glottal stop provides more presence and emphasis towards the pronunciation of a word when placed within it, but in Nuaulu, it is mainly seen in the beginning of a word, taking the place of a consonant and lacking this presence. [7] PhonotacticsNuaulu follows the syllable structure (C)V(N) and most combinations of this syllable structure are viable. There are special exception to this structure; the syllable N can be used by itself, and consonants [w] and [y] have restrictions. Rosemary Ann Bolton's (1991) research concluded that the situation regarding the syllable N occurs:{{Quote|text=only as the first syllable of a word which is two or more syllables long.|source=A Preliminary Description of Nuaulu Phonology and Grammar(1991)[8]|sign=}} In 1991, inspection of the Nuaulu lexicon revealed that there are no words where the CV syllable structure had a consonant [w] pair with a high vowel. The consonant [y] is similar in this regard, where it does not pair with the high vowel [i] in the CV structure. However, it does have a word where [y] pairs with [u].[9] MorphologyNuaulu contains no adjectives, but nouns and verbs are used to replace their features. Most of the adjective replacement is taken by nouns as opposed to verbs. The "adjectives" do not have other special properties other than being descriptive; they act the same as other nouns/verbs.[10] VerbsNuaulu follows the standard transitive and intransitive verb forms, with addition to stative verbs. Verbs in Nuaulu are also subject to inflection. The inflection occurs depending on involvement and amount.[11]
Note how the first person exclusive plural proclitic and the second person singular proclitic are the same. This proclitic, along with the other proclitics being shared between two points of views, can be used to represent one point of view or the other. The point of view the proclitic is portraying is distinguished only based on the usage of the word in relation to the whole sentence.[13]
The affixes and clitics of a base verb can determine the use and syntax of the verb.[15] Nuaulu is also subject to reduplication. In the case of verbs, reduplication is used to emphasize the verb, sometimes even providing enough descriptive strength to act as an adjective. It has two classes of duplication. Normally used in a CVCV verb syllable structure, the first class reduplicates the verb. The other reduplication class will reduplicate part of a verb root, or it's prefix.[16] NounsIn Nuaulu, majority of nouns are given a suffix marker -e, -ne, -te, or -ke. These four marker are the classifiers that make up four of the five major groups of nouns, while the last major group does not have a marker. Most noun roots will fall under only one group, and specific end vowels will not show up in specific groups. The -e group does not connect to any nouns ending with the vowel [e] and the -ke group does not connect to any nouns ending with the vowels [i] and [o].[17] When distinguishing these five word classes, these classification traits can be traced from Proto-Austronesian words holding the same meaning as words in Nuaulu.[18]
Bolton (1991) explains this comparison:{{Quote|text=These final Proto-Austronesian consonants also fall into classes corresponding to the Nuaulu noun classes. Class I nouns ended in semivowels, vowels, or no final consonant. Class II nouns ended in fricatives, velar sounds, glottal sounds, or no final consonant. Class III nouns ended in alveolar nasals or liquids. Class IV nouns ended in alveolar stops and Class V nouns ended in a glottal stop.|source=A Preliminary Description of Nuaulu Phonology and Grammar(1991)[20]|sign=Rosemary Ann Bolton}} The way the classes are set up in Proto-Austronesian are organized similarly to the method of classification used in Nuaulu. This similarity in the classification system between Nuaulu and the Proto-Austronesian language, as well as the similar word structures for words with the same meaning, confirms the Proto-Austronesian connection with Nuaulu.[21] Nouns are reduplicated to display intensity and, in rare cases, used for the names of some animals.[22] The plural forms of nouns depend on the noun class. Nouns in Class I are given a suffix -u to signal plural form. For nouns in classes II, III, IV, and V, the ending vowel of the marker (the vowel [e]) is replaced with the vowel [a] instead.[23] PossessionNuaulu has two distinguishable types of possession: alienable possession and inalienable possession. Inalienable possessive markers take the form of suffixes added to the noun, and alienable possessive markers are extra clitics that occur before the targeted noun.[24]
PronounsPronouns in Nuaulu can fall under a few specific categories: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, reflexive, relative, or as a possessive marker. Nuaulu personal pronouns are classified as either free pronouns or clitics.[27]
The pronouns only stick to singular and plural forms. For plural pronouns consisting of a specific amount involved, these plural pronouns are created with a number combined with the proper pronominal verb enclitic attached.[29] AdverbsNuaulu adverbs acts and follows the same function as an adverb should. They are also subject to reduplication; this reduplication of adverbs is done to augment the intent/meaning the adverb is portraying. If the root word begins with a CVN syllable, that syllable is reduplicated. If the root word begins with any other syllable structure, then the initial two syllables of the root word are repeated.[30] Notes1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=3}} 2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=2}} 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Florey & Bolton|1997|pp=29}} 4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|2013|pp=197}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=14}} 6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=14}} 7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=14}} 8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=13}} 9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=27}} 10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=34}} 11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=36}} 12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=37}} 13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=37}} 14. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=38}} 15. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=37-38}} 16. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=46}} 17. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=47-48}} 18. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=50}} 19. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=50}} 20. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=50}} 21. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=49-50}} 22. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=56}} 23. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=51}} 24. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=52}} 25. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=53}} 26. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=54}} 27. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=56}} 28. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=56}} 29. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=56}} 30. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Bolton|1991|pp=57}} References
External links{{Central Malayo-Polynesian languages}}{{Languages of Indonesia}}{{au-lang-stub}} 3 : Central Maluku languages|Languages of Indonesia|Seram Island |
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