词条 | Occitan nationalism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Occitan nationalism is a social and political movement in Occitania. Nationalists seek self-determination, greater autonomy or the creation of a sovereign state of Occitania. The basis of nationalism is linguistic and cultural although currently the Occitan varieties are minority languages within the language area. The territories claimed under the Occitan nation represent a large part of southern France, Monaco, part of Spain (Val d'Aran) and Italy (Occitan Valleys, Guardia Piemontese). Occitan nationalism in recent years{{See Also|Occitania}}Occitan nationalism re-appears as a reaction of injustice in the regions of southern France in the face of the economic and energy restructuring undertaken by the Gaullists ruling in the 1960s, which gave priority to the regions most prosperous of the northern country. In 1962, the French government decided in a completely arbitrary way to close the mining and industrial complex of La Sala, fact which then became regarded as the catalyst of the modern Occitan claims.[1] Then, from 1968, Occitan cultural renaissance combined with economic protest led to a nationalist claim that Occitania was an inner colony of the centralist French state.[2] Although there was a Occitan nationalist current, the unionism with the leftist French won. This is why Lucha Occitana defines Occitania as a popular nationality, that is to say as a nation in the making. Lucha Occitana objected, ideologically speaking, to the nationalism of the Partit de la Nacion Occitana: the Occitan nation being a starting point for the Partit de la Nacion Occitana, then it was a point of arrival for Lucha Occitana. From the 1973 oil crisis, the evolution of the international economic situation will change the game for several decades. The economic crisis that followed the end of Trente Glorieuses will affect all France. In the same way as the other nationalist movements of the rest of the France and Europe, the core of the claims focused on cultural identity and right of minorities. The Occitan nationalism of the 1980s lost its influence on society mainly because of the fragmentation of parties and organizations between different ideologies, as well as the inability to articulate a romantic nationalism covering such a large territory[3] with a heterogeneous social reality. In the 1990s, the political movement could be described as marginal within Occitanism. Recently Occitan nationalism is renewed, we can mention:
Moreover, the linguistic aspect is one of the most important claims of Occitan nationalism, as well as "Occitan regionalism" and various civic movements in Occitania. In this area, many political advances on the recognition of Occitan language have recently resulted. We can cite:
Territorial claimsThe following table shows the size and population of the territories claimed by the Occitan nationalism is as follows:
Political parties
See also
References1. ^ "In pays d'Oc, one generally dates the beginning of the complex and timid process of convergence between social demands, Occitanism and the leftist opinion of the La Sala miners in 1961-62" page 304. Jean Sagnes, Le midi rouge, Éditions Anthropos, 1982, 310 pages. Reprint Le midi rouge, mythe et réalité. Étude d'histoire occitane, Economica (June 21 of 1999), HISTOIRE ET SOC, {{ISBN|2715710569}} {{ISBN|978-2715710566}} {{Stateless nationalism in Europe}}{{Ethnic nationalism}}{{Portal bar|Politics|France|Spain|Italy}}2. ^{{cite |title= Volem Viure: le nationalisme occitan dans le sud de la France. |author= A. Valente Contreras Romero |year= 2006 |work= Politique et Culture |ISSN= 0188-7742 }} 3. ^Between the third or the half of France plus different border regions 4. ^Lo lugarn number 99/2009, page 23 5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://identitat-d-oc.net/PartitdelaNacionOccitana17_02_2007.htm |title=Support of the Party of the Occitan Nation |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110144252/http://identitat-d-oc.net/PartitdelaNacionOccitana17_02_2007.htm |archive-date=10 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://identitat-d-oc.net/ElPartitRepublicaCatala24-03-2007.htm |title=Support of the Catalan Republican Party |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110144731/http://identitat-d-oc.net/ElPartitRepublicaCatala24-03-2007.htm |archive-date=10 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^{{Cite web |url=http://identitat-d-oc.net/soutienGPOdeRegionalistes.htm |title=Support of the Languedoc Regionalists |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110144734/http://identitat-d-oc.net/soutienGPOdeRegionalistes.htm |archive-date=10 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://identitat-d-oc.net/soutienGPOdeGROC.htm |title=Support of the Occitan Republican Left-wing |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110145003/http://identitat-d-oc.net/soutienGPOdeGROC.htm |archive-date=10 January 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 9. ^ We note the adhesion of the Occitan Party to the federation Regions and Peoples with Solidarity at the French level and at the European Free Alliance (EFA-EFA) at European level. 10. ^>{{cite web |url=http://www.pyreneesinfo.fr/actu/toulouse-cinq-elus-pour-le-patit-occitan/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-10-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095005/http://www.pyreneesinfo.fr/actu/toulouse-cinq-elus-pour-le-patit-occitan/ |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^[https://archive.today/20120605052001/http://partitoccitan.org/rubrique30.html?lang=fr Election results on the POC website] 12. ^[https://archive.today/20130701111316/http://www.eurominority.eu/version/fra/reports-detail.asp?id_actualite=1442 Val d'Aran wants more autonomy] 13. ^Pro-Occitan candidates to stand for 2014 local election in 100 municipalities under Bastir! banner|lang=en 14. ^The Occitan movement Bastir has validated its candidates - La Dépêche du Midi 15. ^Map of Bastir candidates! - 2014 Municipal 16. ^Bastir! in Agen, South-West of December 16, 2013, in the press releases of the POL (Partit de la Nacion Occitana) 17. ^Site of the List "Occitania for a Europe of the Peoples" 18. ^The Occitan in the European Parlament "I did not fare in the EU i would not intro perce acomplís not the criteria of Copenaga per raptor to the minorities" - Jornalet|language=Occitan 2 : Occitan nationalism|Stateless nationalism in Europe |
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