| 词条 | Occupational cancer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards. Several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards, including chimney sweeps' carcinoma, mesothelioma, and others. Common occupational hazards implicated in cancerOccupational exposure to chemicals, dusts, radiation, and certain industrial processes have been tied to occupational cancer. Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) may cause mutations that allow cells to grow out of control, causing cancer. Carcinogens in the workplace may include chemicals like anilines, chromates, dinitrotoluenes, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium compounds, and nickel compounds.[1] Dusts that can cause cancer leather or wood dusts, asbestos,[2] crystalline forms of silica, coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, diesel exhaust and environmental tobacco smoke.[1] sunlight; radon gas; and industrial, medical, or other exposure to ionizing radiation can all cause cancer in the workplace. Industrial processes associated with cancer include aluminum production; iron and steel founding; and underground mining with exposure to uranium or radon. Shift work, which can disturb the circadian rhythm, has also been identified as a risk factor for some forms of cancer, in particular for breast cancer. [3][4][5] Other factors that play a role in cancer include:[6]
Occupational cancersCommon cancers and their exposures and occupations include:[2]
EpidemiologyAn estimated 48,000 cancers are diagnosed yearly in the US that come from occupational causes; this represents approximately 4-10% of total cancer in the United States.[7] It is estimated that 19% of cancers globally are attributed to environmental exposures (including work-related exposures).[8] PreventionMany occupational cancers are preventable. Personal protective gear, workplace controls, and worker education can prevent exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Tobacco smoking has also been shown to increase the risk of work-related cancers; decreasing or abstaining from smoking can decrease cancer risk.[2] Agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration have developed safety standards and limits for chemical and radiation exposure.[2] References1. ^1 {{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/npotocca.html |title = Carcinogen List |date = 2 May 2012 |accessdate = 5 January 2014 |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url = http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@nho/documents/document/occupationandcancerpdf.pdf|title = Occupation and Cancer|date = January 2016|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = American Cancer Society|publisher = |last = |first = }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fritschi L | title = Shift work and cancer | journal = BMJ | volume = 339 | issue = | pages = b2653 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19605423 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b2653|issn = 0959-8138}} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stevens RG, Hansen J, Costa G, Haus E, Kauppinen T, Aronson KJ, Castaño-Vinyals G, Davis S, Frings-Dresen MH, Fritschi L, Kogevinas M, Kogi K, Lie JA, Lowden A, Peplonska B, Pesch B, Pukkala E, Schernhammer E, Travis RC, Vermeulen R, Zheng T, Cogliano V, Straif K|display-authors = 6 | title = Considerations of circadian impact for defining 'shift work' in cancer studies: IARC Working Group Report | journal = Occup Environ Med | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 154–62 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 20962033 |issn = 1351-0711| doi = 10.1136/oem.2009.053512 }} 5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES | title = Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Eur. J. Cancer | volume = 41 | issue = 13 | pages = 2023–32 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16084719 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010 }} 6. ^{{Cite web|title = CDC - Cancer Policy - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2016-02-12}} 7. ^{{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/default.html |title = Occupational Cancer |date = 2 May 2012 |accessdate = 5 January 2014 |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Environmental and occupational cancers|url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs350/en/|website = World Health Organization|access-date = 2016-02-12|language = en-GB}} Cornell University Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives / New York Cancer in Auto Town http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=westfall Cancer in Auto Factories http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=westfall 2 : Occupational diseases|Occupational safety and health |
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