“Odo the Good Marquis”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The only source to give Tancred's father the name Odo is Orderic Vitalis, who, like Ralph of Caen, believes him to be a brother-in-law and not son-in-law of Guiscard. In one passage he writes that, seeing his end coming, "the magnanimous Robert [Guiscard], duke, count, etc., called around him Odo the Good, the marquis, his sister's [husband], and other relatives and nobles".{{efn|Magnanimus itaque dux Robertum comitem, etc., Odonem quoque Bonum, marchisum, sororium suum aliosque cognatos proceresque suos convocavit ad se.}} When Orderic later lists the crusaders of 1096, he mentions "Tancred, son of the marquis Odo the Good".{{efn|Tancredum, Odonis Boni marchisi filium.}} Orderic's known erudition, and his contemporaneity with Tancred, make his testimony the best available on the latter's paternity.^[2] Only on the parentage of Odo's wife, Emma, does Orderic seem mistaken. Since Tancred and his brother William were both young at the time of the First Crusade,{{efn|Albert of Aix refers to Tancred as a tiro illustris (illustrious recruit) and William as juvenis pulcherrimus et tiro audacissimus (most beautiful youth and most brave recruit).}} it is unlikely that their mother could have been a daughter of Tancred's namesake, Tancred of Hauteville.^[3]

Rank of marquis

There are many sources that identify Tancred's father as a margrave (Latin marchio or marchisus, whence marquis)—which is enough to confirm that he was an Italian—but do not name him. Many further identify a brother of Tancred's named William who was also a "marquis's son". According to William of Tyre, "Tancred [was] the son of William the Marquis",{{efn|Tancredum Wilhelmi marchisi filium.}} but the Latin word filium (son) is probably an error by later copyists where originally it read fratrem (brother). That Tancred possessed a brother named William is affirmed by the Gesta Dei per Francos, which records a "William, son of the marquis, brother of Tancred"{{efn|Wilhelmus, marchisi filius, frater Tancredi.}} among the followers of their uncle, Bohemond of Taranto, on the First Crusade. In that same document Tancred is referred to only as "the marquis's son".{{efn|marchisi filius.}} Robert the Monk, listing the crusaders who accompanied Bohemond, mentions "the most noble princes, namely Tancred, his [i.e., Bohemond's] nephew and the marquis's son. . .",{{efn|nobilissimi principes, Tancredus videlicet nepos suus and marchisi filius.}} confirming his father's rank but not his name. The archbishop Baldric of Dol records, with more proper Latin, that Tancred was Robert Guiscard's grandson and the son of a marquis.{{efn|marchionis filius.}} He also calls Tancred's brother William a marquis (marchisus). Guibert of Nogent, expressing some doubt that he has all his information correct, says that Tancred was the son of a certain marquis, accompanied his uncle Bohemond on the First Crusade, and that his brother William accompanied Hugh the Great.{{efn|Tancredum marchionis cuiusdam ex Boemundi, nisi fallor, sorore filium; cuius frater cum Hugone magno praecesserat, cui Guillelmus erat vocabulum.}}^[1]

Marriage and sons

There are other sources pertinent to the identity of Tancred's father, since they mention his relation to Bohemond through the latter's sister Emma. Albert of Aix, a contemporary, confirms that Tancred was a son of Bohemond's sister,{{efn|Tankradus sororis filius Boemundi.}} but does not mention either his father or brother. He does, however, mention that Roger of Salerno was a "son of Tancred's sister",{{efn|Rotgerum ... filium sororis Tankradi.}} who must therefore have been the wife of Richard of Salerno.^[4] Marino Sanuto the Elder records that Tancred was Bohemond's "nephew by his sister".{{efn|ex sorore nepos.}}^[5]

Two sources contradict the former, erroneously making Tancred a cousin and not a nephew of Bohemond, but do not name his father. The Gesta Francorum expugnantium Jerusalem of Fulcher of Chartres calls him "Bohemond's cousin"{{efn|Boiamundi cognatum}} and Jacques de Vitry refers to "Bohemond with his cousin Tancred".{{efn|Boamundus cum Tancredo cognato ipsius.}}^[5]

Tancred's earliest biography, Ralph of Caen's Gesta Tancredi (Deeds of Tancred), praises him as "the most famous son of a famous lineage, [having] choice parents, the margrave and Emma".{{efn|clarae stirpis germen clarissimum, parentes eximios marchisum habuit et Emmam.}} He was "the son indeed of a father not in the least ignoble",{{efn|a patre quidem haud ignobilis filius.}} even though this father remains unnamed by Ralph and most other authors. Throughout the Gesta Ralph calls Tancred Marchisides, using the Greek suffix -ides, meaning "son of", thus "son of the marquis". Elsewhere he lumps together Tancred and Bohemond as Wiscardides ("sons/descendants of Guiscard"),{{efn|Elsewhere Bohemond receives the epithet Wiscardigena, "born of Guiscard".}} even though he mistakenly believed Emma to have been a sister and not a daughter of Robert Guiscard. He also gives Tancred a brother named Robert, otherwise unknown: "the Guiscardids, Tancred and his brothers William and Robert".{{efn|Wiscardidas, Tancredum et fratres Willelmum Robertumque.}}^[6]

Notes

References

1. ^¹Félicien de Saulcy, "Tancrède", [https://books.google.com/books?id=nUjLkv8b0F8C Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 4 (1842–43)] 301–15.
2. ^Saulcy, "Tancrède", 312–13.
3. ^Saulcy, "Tancrède", 307–8.
4. ^Saulcy, "Tancrède", 304.
5. ^¹Saulcy, "Tancrède", 306.
6. ^Saulcy, "Tancrède", 309–10.

Name and nickname

Rank of marquis

Marriage and sons

Notes

References