| 词条 | Officialese |
| 释义 |
Not to be confused with official language, a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction..Officialese, bureaucratese[1][2], or governmentese is a derogatory[3] term for language that sounds official.[4] It is the "language of officialdom".[5] Officialese is characterized by a preference for wordy, long sentences; a preference for complex words, code words or buzzwords over simple, traditional ones; a preference for vagueness over directness and a preference for passive over active voice[4][1] (some of those elements may, however, vary between different times and languages[8]). The history of officialese can be traced to the history of officialdom, as far back as the eldest human civilizations and their surviving official writings.[9] Officialese is meant to impress the listener (or reader) and increase the authority (more than the social status) of the user, making them appear more professional.[4][5] Ernest Gowers noted that officialese also allows the user to remain vague.[4] It can be used to make oneself understood to insiders while being hard to decipher by those unfamiliar with the jargon and subtexts used. Its use is known to put off members of the general public and reduce their interest in the material presented.[14] Officialese has been criticized as making one's speech or prose "stilted, convoluted, and sometimes even indecipherable"[4] and simply as the "cancer of language".[2] It is thus more pejoratively classified as one of the types of gobbledygook.[1][3] Its use can also result in unintended humorous incidents, and has been often satirized.[4] Several similar concepts to officialese exist, including genteelism, commercialese, academese, and journalese.[4] The existence of officialese has been recognized by a number of organizations, which have made attempts to curtail its use{{crossref| (see Plain Language Movement)}}.[3][9][23] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Bryan A. Garner|title=Garner's Modern American Usage|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd3byNeBdR4C|accessdate=21 March 2013|edition=3rd|date=28 July 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-987462-0|page=370-71|chapter=Formal Words}} [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Steven Roger Fischer|title=History of Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1Ql7QQy0kC&pg=PA193|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=3 October 2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-080-1|page=193}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Bryan A. Garner|title=A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35dZpfMmxqsC&pg=PA615|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514236-5|page=615}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|author1=Bryan A. Garner|author2=Ruth Bader Ginsburg|title=Garner on Language and Writing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PdSrVNTUUC&pg=PA88|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=31 March 2009|publisher=American Bar Association|isbn=978-1-60442-445-4|page=88-94|chapter=Genteelisms, Officialese, and Commercialese}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=V.S. Gupta|title=Handbook Of Reporting And Communication Skills|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8CX9cY8WgMC&pg=PA8|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-043-3|page=8}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=Talke Klara Hoppmann|title=Citizen Perceptions of the European Union: The Impact of the Eu Web Site|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UM-DLOmvBwC&pg=PA411|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=18 March 2010|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-60497-675-5|page=411}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Martin Manser|title=Good Word Guide: The fast way to correct English - spelling, punctuation, grammar and usage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6142OlLz2q8C&pg=PT451|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=28 August 2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4081-2332-4|page=451}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author=J. Renkema|title=Introduction to Discourse Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KJXnCaADykC&pg=PA152|accessdate=29 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-1-58811-530-0|page=152}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Olivia Stockard|title=The Write Approach: Techniques for Effective Business Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIgw7Q77ql4C&pg=PA62|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=8 June 2011|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-85724-831-2|page=62}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|author=Christopher Williams|title=Tradition and Change in Legal English: Verbal Constructions in Prescriptive Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwF3XIuLflYC&pg=PA177|accessdate=29 August 2012|date=30 June 2007|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-444-3|page=177}} }} External links
3 : Language varieties and styles|Jargon|Political terminology |
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