| 词条 | Oko |
| 释义 |
HistoryDevelopment of the Oko system began in the early 1970s under the design bureau headed by AI Savin, which became TsNII Kometa. The spacecraft element was designed by NPO Lavochkin.[3] The first satellite was launched in 1972 [4] but it was not until 1978 that the overall system became operational and 1982 before it was placed on combat duty.[3] The system had a major malfunction in 1983 when it mistakenly identified sunlight on high altitude clouds as a missile attack. Stanislav Petrov, on duty at the new control centre in Serpukhov-15, Moscow Oblast, discounted the warning due to the newness of the system and the lack of corroboration from ground-based radar.[6] The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 [7]) have been the first generation US-K satellites which operate in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975.[8] A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991.[3] In total, 101 satellites have been launched. The US-K satellites, were launched by Molniya-M carrier rockets with Blok 2BL upper stages from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The US-KS and US-KMO operate in geosynchronous orbits and were launched by Proton rockets with DM-2 upper stages from Baikonur.[7][11] The last US-KMO satellite (Kosmos 2479) was launched on 30 March 2012 [12] and the last US-K satellite (Kosmos 2469) on 30 September 2010.[13] They are due to be replaced by a new system called EKS. FacilitiesThe system has two dedicated control centres. The western centre is at Serpukhov-15 ({{lang-rus|Серпухов-15}}) near Kurilovo outside Moscow [14] ({{coord|55|04|06|N|37|02|29|E|name=Serpukhov-15 Oko satellites control centre|display=inline}}) and the eastern centre is at Pivan-1 ({{lang-rus|Пивань-1}}) [15] ({{coord|50|20|57|N|137|11|22|E|name=Pivan-1 Oko satellites control centre|display=inline}}) in the Russian Far East. The centre at Serpukhov-15 burned down in 2001 [16][17] which caused the loss of contact with currently orbiting satellites.[18] See also
Notes1. ^also known as SPRN ({{lang-ru|СПРН}} from спутник для предупреждения о ракетном нападении meaning satellite for warning on rocket attack) according to one source, but SPRN is more commonly used to describe the whole early warning system, система предупреждения о ракетном нападении (system of missile warning), which includes Oko but also includes early warning radar. 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/11/soyuz-2-1b-eks-1-russian-early-warning-system/|title=Soyuz 2-1B launches EKS-1 to upgrade Russian Early Warning System|accessdate=2015-12-17}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/oko.html|title=Oko early-warning satellite|last=Zak|first=Anatoly|work=RussianSpaceWeb|accessdate=5 March 2012}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-k.htm|title=US-K (73D6)|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|work=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=5 March 2012}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-ks.htm|title=US-KS (74Kh6)|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|work=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=5 March 2012}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/us-kmo.htm|title=US-KMO (71Kh6)|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|work=Gunter's Space Page|accessdate=5 March 2012}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal |first = Pavel |last = Podvig |year = 2002 |title = History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System |journal = Science and Global Security |volume = 10 |pages = 21–60 |issn = 0892-9882 |doi = 10.1080/08929880212328 |url = http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S&GS.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024323/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S%26GS.pdf |archivedate = 2012-03-15 |df = |citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.6127 }} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2012/03/cosmos-2479_-_the_last_geostat.shtml|title=Cosmos-2479 - new geostationary early warning satellite|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2012-03-30|accessdate=2012-04-22}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2010/09/cosmos-2469_might_be_the_last.shtml|title=Cosmos-2469 might be the last HEO early-warning satellite|publisher=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces|first=Podvig|last=Pavel|date=2010-09-30|accessdate=2012-04-22}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/radar/916ortu.htm| title = 916th independent Radio-Technical Unit| accessdate = 2012-04-22| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/radar/1127ortu.htm| title = 1127th independent Radio-Technical Unit| accessdate = 2012-04-22| first = Michael| last = Holm| year = 2011| publisher = Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/264323| title = У России проблемы с ПРО: Она сгорела |trans-title=Russia has an ABM problem: it burnt down| accessdate = 2012-04-23| date = 11 May 2001| first1 = Sergey| last1 = Topol|first2 =Ivan|last2 =Safranov| authorlink2 = Ivan Safranov| publisher = Kommersant}} 13. ^1 {{Cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1322700.stm| title = Russia blaze hits satellite network| accessdate = 2012-04-23| date = 2001-05-10| publisher = BBC News}} 14. ^1 {{Cite journal | first = Geoffrey | last = Forden | first2=Pavel | last2=Podvig | first3=Theodore A | last3=Postol | year = 2000 | title = False alarm, nuclear danger | journal = IEEE Spectrum | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 31–39 | issn = 0018-9235 | doi = 10.1109/6.825657 | url = http://russianforces.org/podvig/2000/03/false_alarm_nuclear_danger.shtml }} 15. ^1 {{cite conference |title=Early Warning Satellites in Russia: What past, what state today, what future?|first=A |last=Paleologue|year=2005 |conference=Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems II | editor =Pejmun Motaghedi|publisher=SPIE|pages=146–157 |booktitle=Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5799|isbn= |doi=10.1117/12.603478 }} ReferencesExternal links
6 : Oko|Early warning systems|Missile defense|Reconnaissance satellites of Russia|Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union|Early warning satellites |
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