| 词条 | Old Church Tower at Nuenen | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Old Church Tower at Nuenen (or The Peasants' Churchyard) are names given to several oil paintings and drawings created in 1884 and 1885 by Vincent van Gogh. Most reflect the way the 12th-century church looked in its better days when its spire was intact and its foundation formidable. The spire was demolished in 1792 and the church tower was in the process of being torn down and sold for scrap as Van Gogh made the paintings. BackgroundIn 1882, Van Gogh's father became pastor in Nuenen and the family lived at the vicarage at Nuenen, a small village in the North Brabant district of the Netherlands. After a stay in Drenthe for several months, Van Gogh moved to live with his parents in December 1883 and stayed there until May 1885.[1] While in Nuenen Van Gogh worked on character studies of the local peasants. It was winter and there was little to be done in the fields, so Van Gogh was able to make connections to people through his father, a town minister.[2] Van Gogh's character studies culminated in his best known painting The Potato Eaters. Potatoes were a staple of the poor peasant’s diet, who could barely afford bread and meat was a luxury. Potato was a food not fit for those who could afford better in the 19th century. Thomas Carlyle, a Scottish philosopher, deemed the poor "root-eaters".[3] While in Nuenen, Van Gogh made a number of paintings of The Old Church Tower at Nuenen, born of his enjoyment of visiting churches and cemeteries. Vincent was the second child to his parents, born exactly one year after their first baby, still born, also named Vincent. Like other "substitute" children, he regularly visited the site of his sibling's grave.[4] Vincent's brother was buried in Zundert Groot,[5] but his death may have been an influencing factor in his interest in churches and graveyards. He also may have been inspired by Jean-François Millet's The Church at Greville.[6] HistoryThe Old Church Tower is the final remains of a 12th-century Romanesque church built during Christianity's spread across the countryside. It is surrounded by an old burial ground whose graves were marked with simple wooden crosses. The spire was demolished before Van Gogh's early watercolors of the tower could be developed into oil paintings. At the time, the building itself was crumbling. The final version of the oil paintings were finished just before the building was demolished and the remains sold for scrap.[6] The paintingsVan Gogh made eleven drawings and paintings of the Church tower; one of the drawings is of a funeral.[6] Old Church Tower at Nuenen, ('The Peasants' Churchyard') (F84) was made as a tribute to the simple, humble lives of the peasants who "for centuries... have been laid to rest, among the fields in which they rooted when alive." The ruined tower he saw a symbol of the declining role of Christianity in people's lives. The tower was demolished shortly after Van Gogh concluded this painting.[7]Van Gogh wrote of this painting: "I wanted to express how perfectly simple death & burial is, as simple as the falling of autumn leaves -- just some earth dug up -- a little wooden cross. The fields around -- they make a final line against the horizon, where the grass of the churchyard ends -- like a horizon of sea. An now this ruin tells me how a creed and religion have moldered away, even though they were so well established -- how, nevertheless, the life & death of the peasants is and remains the same: always sprouting and withering like the grass and the flowers that are growing in this graveyard."[8] Other paintings of churchesSee also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=1564&collection=619&lang=en |title=The Vicarage at Nuenen, 1885 |year=2005–2011 |work=Permanent Collection |publisher=Van Gogh Museum |accessdate=2011-05-15}} {{Vincent van Gogh}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=1539&collection=1294&lang=en |title=Head of a Man, 1885 |year=2005–2011 |work=Permanent Collection |publisher=Van Gogh Museum |accessdate=2011-05-15}} 3. ^{{cite book | title=Van Gogh: Fields| author=Hansen, Nichols, Sund, Knudsen, Bremen | publisher=Hatje Cantz Publishers for Toledo Museum of Art Exhibition |year=2003 | page=46 | isbn=3-7757-1131-7 }} 4. ^{{cite book | title=Of Mothers and Death: from Procreation to Creation |editor1=Lamothe, E |editor2=Sauvage, J | publisher=Presses Universitairies de Bordeaux | location=Pessac | year=2008 | page=151 | isbn=978-2-86781-493-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTKB262e78MC&pg=PA151 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/vangogh/memoir/sisterinlaw/2.html |title=Memoir of Vincent van Gogh, page 2 |author=Johanna Gesina van Gogh - Bonger, Vincent's sister in law |year=2011 |work=Van Gogh Paintings |publisher=Van Gogh Gallery |accessdate=2011-05-17}} 6. ^{{cite book | title=Stranger on the Earth: A Psychological Biography of Vincent van Gogh. | author=Lubin, A | publisher=De Capo Press | location=New York | year=1996 | origyear=1972 | page=91 | isbn=0-306-80726-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHVwceHVI5cC&pg=PA91 }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=4450&collection=619&lang=en |title=The Old Church Tower at Nuenen ('The Peasants' Churchyard'), 1885 |year=2005–2011 |work=Permanent Collection |publisher=Van Gogh Museum |accessdate=2011-05-17}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book | title=Evangelical Disenchantment: Nine Portraits of Faith and Doubt | author=Hempton, D | publisher=With the assistance of the Louis Stern Memorial Fund | location=Grand Rapids | year=2008 | pages=132–133 | isbn=978-0-300-14067-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3JjPCWZX4gC&pg=PA132 }} 9 : Series of Vincent van Gogh paintings|1884 paintings|1885 paintings|Churches in art|Paintings in Zürich|Collections of the Kröller-Müller Museum|Paintings in Amsterdam|Collection of the Tate galleries|Collections of the Van Gogh Museum |
|||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。