| 词条 | Oneida Number Three Tunnel |
| 释义 |
|name = Oneida Number Three Tunnel |start = mines in East Union Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania |end = Tomhicken Creek in North Union Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania |opened = 1930s (no, completed by the 1890s) |length = {{convert|7000|ft|m}}}} The Oneida Number Three Tunnel (also known as the Oneida #3 Tunnel[1]) is a mine tunnel in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.[1] It is one of five major mine tunnels in the watershed of Catawissa Creek.[2] The tunnel discharges into Tomhicken Creek downstream of the mouth of Little Tomhicken Creek. The tunnel was constructed in the 1930s and a passive treatment system was installed at the site of the tunnel in 2009. The tunnel is more than a mile long. My grandfathers Charles Croll (born 1878)and Joseph Fellin (born 1902)both worked in the Oneida coal mines and both drove mules into the mines via the Oneida #3 tunnel. Charles Croll remembers that the mine drainage tunnels were driven in the 1890s (#3 came out into the Tomhickon Creek at the base of Oneida fall, the other came out a mile east into the "Big Valley (Now the Eagle Rock development). Once these tunnels were completed, the water in the Tomhickon Creek (which the family always called the “Sulfur Creek”) was tainted by sulfur that was mixed in with the seams of coal underground, killing all the once abundant fish. The tunnels were driven from both directions, drilled and blasted by hand. One man holding a “Morral” (a bar with a chisel point end on it) and giving it a 1/4 turn after each strike, another man swinging the heavy sledge hammer in a constant circular motion. When the ends of the two tunnels met they were only off by four feet! HydrologyThe average discharge of the Oneida Number Three Tunnel is 3,820,000 gallons per day (approximately 2,653 gallons per minute).[2] The tunnel is the largest discharge of acid mine drainage to Tomhicken Creek.[3] The pH of the water being discharged from the Oneida Number Three Tunnel ranges from 3.9 to 4.7. The average pH of the waters is 4.53. The concentration of acidity in the tunnel's waters is 17.35 milligrams per liter and the daily load of acidity is {{convert|552.8|lb|kg}}. The acidity load requires an 89 percent reduction to meet its total maximum daily load requirements. The alkalinity concentration of its waters is 7.40 milligrams per liter and the load of alkalinity is {{convert|235.8|lb|kg}} per day.[2] The net concentration of acidity is 15.8 milligrams per liter.[4] The concentration of iron in the discharge of the Oneida Number Three Tunnel is 0.18 milligrams per liter and the daily load is {{convert|5.7|lb|kg}}. The iron load does not require any reduction to meet its total maximum daily load requirements. The manganese concentration is 0.59 milligrams per liter and the load of manganese is {{convert|18.8|lb|kg}} per day. The manganese load requires a 79 percent reduction to meet its total maximum daily load requirements. The aluminum concentration is 1.59 milligrams per liter and the daily load of it is {{convert|50.7|lb|kg}}. The aluminum load requires a 71 percent reduction to meet its total maximum daily load requirements.[2] Description and geographyThe Oneida Number Three Tunnel discharges into Tomhicken Creek downstream of Little Tomhicken Creek. The tunnel is approximately {{convert|7000|ft|m}} long.[2] The upper end of the tunnel is in mines in the South Green Mountain Coal Basin, which it drains part of.[2][3] The tunnel runs roughly northwards until it reaches Tomhicken Creek.[2] The tunnel is in East Union Township and North Union Township.[1] The Oneida Number Three Tunnel is in the Eastern Middle Anthracite Field.[5] The tunnel is between Tomhicken Creek and a steep hill.[4] The total maximum daily load document for Catawissa Creek suggests reclaiming mined land in the Green Mountain Coal Basin to reduce the discharge of the Oneida Number Three Tunnel.[2] The Oneida Number Three Tunnel has a passive treatment system. The system was constructed in a similar manner to the way in which the Audenried Tunnel was constructed. However, it only has one limestone tank, as opposed to the Audenried Tunnel's three. There are plans to construct a second limestone tank for the passive treatment system.[6] HistoryThe Oneida Number Three tunnel was constructed during the 1930s (no, 1890s). It was one of five mine drainage tunnels in the Catawissa Creek watershed to be constructed during this time (the others being the Audenried Tunnel, the Catawissa Tunnel, the Green Mountain Tunnel, and the Oneida Number One Tunnel).[2] The Catawissa Creek Restoration Association started working on constructing a passive treatment system for the Oneida Number Three Tunnel as early as 2003. The organization's work was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[2] The construction of the passive treatment system was completed in December 2009.[5] The system was the third such system in the Catawissa Creek to be constructed.[6] The Oneida Number Three Tunnel was damaged to the point of being useless during heavy rain in March 2011. It was repaired later in 2011. The tunnel's water quality was studied in the same year.[5] It was also studied shortly after the passive treatment system was constructed.[7] As of 2003, the Oneida Number Three Tunnel is not listed on the Pennsylvania Section 303(d) of streams that are impaired due to pH.[2] References1. ^1 {{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Environmental Council|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029597.pdf|title = Catawissa Creek Watershed Rivers Conservation Plan|date = December 9, 2010|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/TMDL/Catawissa%20TMDL%20March%202003%20-%20FINAL.pdf|title = CATAWISSA CREEK WATERSHED TMDL Carbon, Columbia, Luzerne, and Schuylkill Counties|date = March 1, 2003|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 3. ^1 {{Citation|author = Eastern Pennsylvania Council for Abandoned Mine Restoration|url = http://www.epcamr.org/storage/watersheds/Final_Catawissa_Creek_Implementation_Plan.pdf|title = Catawissa Creek Watershed Restoration Plan Update Addressing the TMDL|page = 7|year = 2004|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 4. ^1 {{Citation|url = http://www2.datashed.org/sites/default/files/catawissa_creek_watershed_restoration_plan_update.pdf|title = Catawissa Creek Watershed Restoration Plan Update|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 5. ^1 2 {{Citation|author = Derek C. Weicht|url = https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012NE/finalprogram/abstract_200383.htm|title = Influence of the Oneida #3 Mine Tunnel Drainage on Little Tomhicken Creek Before and After the Repair of an AMD Passive Treatment System|date = March 20, 2012|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 6. ^1 {{Citation|author = Eastern Pennsylvania Council for Abandoned Mine Restoration|url = http://epcamr.org/home/watersheds/catawissa-creek-watershed/|title = Catawissa Creek Watershed|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} 7. ^{{Citation|publisher = Susquehanna River Heartland Coalition for Environmental Studies|url = http://www.srhces.org/site/Portals/10/documents/2010_Pulse_of_the_Heartland.pdf|title = Pulse of the Heartland Annual Report|year = 2010|accessdate = October 13, 2014}} External links
5 : Drainage tunnels in the United States|Tunnels in Pennsylvania|Buildings and structures in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Coal mining in the United States|1930s establishments in Pennsylvania |
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