| 词条 | Onfim | ||||
| 释义 |
BackgroundNovgorod, now known as Veliky Novgorod, is the important administrative center of the Novgorod Oblast. Some {{convert|200|km|mi}} south of Saint Petersburg, the city is surrounded by birch forests, whose bark was used for centuries by the locals for writing since it was soft and easily scratched.[2] Since 1951, more than 1100 pieces of birch bark with writing on it have been found, and more are dug up every summer.[3] The term beresty, denoting such birch bark manuscripts, is a plural form of beresta ("birch bark"), and the study of beresty is called berestologija.[4] The great amount of beresty is indicative of a high rate of literacy among the population,[2] as is the large number of styluses.[5] Onfim's writingsOnfim left seventeen birch bark items. Twelve of those have illustrations, five only text. One of the drawings features a knight on a horse, stabbing someone on the ground with a lance, with scholars speculating that Onfim pictured himself as the knight. The writings are clearly homework exercises: Onfim practiced by writing out the alphabet, repeating syllables, and writing psalms—texts that were presumably familiar to him.[6] His writing includes phrases such as "Lord, help your servant Onfim" and fragments from Psalms 6:2 and 27:3;[7] in fact, most of Onfim's writing consists of citations from the Book of Psalms.[8] Onfim's illustrations include pictures of knights, horses, arrows, and slain enemies—a range of subject considered "of all time". One striking image, "a portrait of himself, disguised as a fantastic animal",[9] is found on item 199 (pictured above; it was originally the bottom of a basket made of birch bark), which contains a picture of a beast with a long neck, pointy ears, and a curly tail. The beast either has an arrow with feathers in its mouth or is spewing fire; one of the accompanying texts (the one below the box) says "I am a wild beast" (the text in the box says "Greetings from Onfim to Danilo").[10] The rows of five letters each on the other side of 199 are an alphabet exercise.[11] On item 205 (not pictured in this article), Onfim wrote the Cyrillic alphabet and added "On[f]", for his name, in the middle; below that alphabet is what some researchers see as a boat with oars.[12] Item 206 contains alphabetic exercises and "'portraits' of little Onfim and his friends".[13] GalleryNotes{{refs|30em}}References{{refbegin|30em}}
External links{{Commons category|Drawings by Onfim}}
3 : 13th-century Russian people|People from medieval Novgorod|Russian children |
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