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词条 State of Palestine
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. Geography

  3. History

  4. Politics

     Government  Administrative divisions  Foreign relations  International recognition  Raising the flag at the UN  Legal status 

  5. Security

  6. Demographics

     Religion 

  7. Economy

     Tourism 

  8. Infrastructure

     Communications  Transportation  Water supply and sanitation 

  9. Education

  10. Culture

     Media  Sports 

  11. See also

  12. Notes

  13. References

  14. Bibliography

  15. Further reading

  16. External links

{{pp-move-indef}}{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}{{Coord|32|00|N|35|15|E|display=title}}{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = State of Palestine{{ref label|naming|i|}}
|common_name = Palestine
|native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة فلسطين|italics=off}}
{{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}
|image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg
|symbol_width = 70px
|national_anthem = "{{lang|ar|{{big|فدائي}}}}"
{{lower|0.1em|"Fida'i"[1][2]}}
"My Redemption"

|image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|map_caption = Territory claimed by the State of Palestine (green)[3]
Territory also claimed by Israel (light green)
|capital={{unbulleted list
|item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:2px;|Jerusalem{{ref label|capital|ii|}}[3][4]
|Ramallah
}}
|status = Partially recognized state, UN observer state
Recognized by 137 UN member states
|capital_type = {{unbulleted list
|item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;|Proclaimed capital
|Administrative
center
}}
|largest_city = Gaza City
|official_languages = Arabic
|demonym = Palestinian
|government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic[5]
|leader_title1 = President
|leader_name1 = Mahmoud Abbasb
|leader_title2 = Prime Minister
|leader_name2 = Mohammad Shtayyeh
|leader_title3 = Speaker of Parliament
|leader_name3 = Salim Zanoun
|legislature = National Council
|sovereignty_type = Formation
|established_event1 = Declaration of Independence
|established_date1 = 15 November 1988
|established_event2 = UNGA observer state resolution
|established_date2 = 29 November 2012
|established_event3 = Sovereignty dispute with Israel
|established_date3 = {{nowrap|Ongoingc{{ref label|control|iii|}}[6][7]}}
|area_km2 = 6,020 [8]
|area_rank = 163rd
|area_footnote =
|area_sq_mi = 2,320
|percent_water=3.5[9]
|area_label2 = West Bank
|area_data2 = 5,860 km{{smallsup|2}}
|area_label3 = Gaza Strip
|area_data3 = 360 km{{smallsup|2}}[10]
|population_estimate=4,816,503[11]
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = 123rd
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 731
|population_density_sq_mi = 1,895
|population_density_rank =
|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$11.95 billiona}}
|GDP_PPP_year = 2008a
|GDP_PPP_rank = –
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900a
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = –
|Gini = 35.5
|Gini_year = 2009
|Gini_change =
|Gini_ref=[12]
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.677
|HDI_year = 2014
|HDI_change = increase
|HDI_ref = [13]
|HDI_rank = 113th
|currency = {{unbulleted list |Egyptian pound (EGP) |Israeli new shekel (ILS) |Jordanian dinar (JOD)[14]| (see also Palestinian currency)}}
|time_zone = Palestine Standard Time
|utc_offset = +2
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|time_zone_DST = Palestine Summer Time
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = +970
|iso3166code = PS
|cctld = .ps
|footnote_a = Population and economy statistics and rankings are based on data from the PCBS.
|footnote_b = Also the leader of the state's government.{{big|{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}}}}
|footnote_c = The territories claimed are under Israeli occupation.

}}{{Contains Arabic text}}

Palestine ({{lang-ar|فلسطين}} {{transl|ar|Filasṭīn}}), officially the State of Palestine{{ref label|naming|i|}} ({{lang-ar|دولة فلسطين}} {{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}), is a de jure sovereign state[15][16] in Western Asia claiming the West Bank (bordering Israel and Jordan) and Gaza Strip (bordering Israel and Egypt)[17] with Jerusalem as the designated capital, although its administrative center is currently located in Ramallah.{{ref label|capital|ii|}}[3][4] The entirety of territory claimed by the State of Palestine has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967.[7][18] Palestine has a population of 4,816,503 as of 2016, ranked 123rd in the world.

After World War II, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem.[19] After the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel on 14 May 1948,[20][21][22] neighboring Arab armies invaded the former British mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces.[23][24] Later, the All-Palestine Government was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 to govern the Egyptian-controlled enclave in Gaza. It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan. Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip.[25] Israel later captured the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria in June 1967 following the Six-Day War.

On 15 November 1988, Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers proclaimed the establishment of the State of Palestine. A year after the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Palestinian National Authority was formed to govern the areas A and B in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Gaza would later be ruled by Hamas in 2007, two years after the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza.

The State of Palestine is recognized by 136 UN members and since 2012 has a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations – which implies recognition of statehood.[30][26][27] It is a member of the Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, G77, and the International Olympic Committee and other international bodies.

Etymology

{{Further|Palestine (region)#Etymology|Timeline of the name "Palestine"}}

Since the British Mandate, the term "Palestine" has been associated with the geographical area that currently covers the State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[28] General use of the term "Palestine" or related terms to the area at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea beside Syria has historically been taking place since the times of Ancient Greece, with Herodotus writing of a "district of Syria, called Palaistine" in which Phoenicians interacted with other maritime peoples in The Histories.[29]{{non-primary source needed|reason=Herodotus is probably not the oldest extant use of this name (it's in the Bible), so while I understand a thorough history of the use of the word is out of the scope of this article, this seems like a random factoid. So why is it included? Herodotus himself can't be an adequate source for this factoid being included; a source on the history of modern Palestine that gives a brief history of the name and mentions Herodotus there with an explanation of WHY would be much better.|date=August 2016}}

Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of the geographical region of "Palestine" include Canaan, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz),{{sfn|Biger|2004|p=133, 159}}{{ref label|NewTestament|v|}} Greater Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea, Coele-Syria,{{ref label|Strabo|vi|}} "Israel HaShlema", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Zion, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, Southern Levant and Syria Palaestina.

Geography

{{main|Geography of the State of Palestine}}The areas claimed by the State of Palestine lie in the Levant. The Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Egypt to the south, and Israel to the north and east. The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and Israel to the north, south, and west. Thus, the two enclaves constituting the area claimed by State of Palestine have no geographical border with one another, being separated by Israel. These areas would constitute the world's 163rd largest country by land area.[30][31]{{Failed verification|reason=The sources describe West Bank and Gaza, not mention of SoP|date=December 2018}}

History

{{main|History of the State of Palestine}}{{see also|History of Palestine}}

In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel declared the establishment of the State of Israel according to the proposed UN plan. The Arab Higher Committee did not declare a state of its own and instead, together with Transjordan, Egypt, and the other members of the Arab League of the time, commenced military action resulting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel gained additional territories that were designated to be part of the Arab state under the UN plan. Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip and Transjordan occupied and then annexed the West Bank. Egypt initially supported the creation of an All-Palestine Government, but disbanded it in 1959. Transjordan never recognized it and instead decided to incorporate the West Bank with its own territory to form Jordan. The annexation was ratified in 1950 but was rejected by the international community. The Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel fought against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, ended with Israel occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, besides other territories.

In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon after Black September in 1971.

The October 1974 Arab League summit designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" and reaffirmed "their right to establish an independent state of urgency."[32] In November 1974, the PLO was recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly granting them observer status as a "non-state entity" at the UN.[33][34] After the 1988 Declaration of Independence, the UN General Assembly officially acknowledged the proclamation and decided to use the designation "Palestine" instead of "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the UN.[35][36] In spite of this decision, the PLO did not participate at the UN in its capacity of the State of Palestine's government.[37]

In 1979, through the Camp David Accords, Egypt signaled an end to any claim of its own over the Gaza Strip. In July 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank—with the exception of guardianship over Haram al-Sharif—to the PLO. In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the establishment of the "State of Palestine". In the month following, it was quickly recognised by many states, including Egypt and Jordan. In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the "Palestinian territory", without explicitly specifying further. Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the occupied Palestinian territory, and not Israel. The UN membership application submitted by the State of Palestine also specified that it is based on the "1967 borders".[17] During the negotiations of the Oslo Accords, the PLO recognised Israel's right to exist, and Israel recognised the PLO as representative of the Palestinian people. Between 1993 and 1998, the PLO made commitments to change the provisions of its Palestinian National Charter that are inconsistent with the aim for a two-state solution and peaceful coexistence with Israel.

After Israel took control of the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza Strip from Egypt, it began to establish Israeli settlements there. These were organised into Judea and Samaria district (West Bank) and Hof Aza Regional Council (Gaza Strip) in the Southern District. Administration of the Arab population of these territories was performed by the Israeli Civil Administration of the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and by local municipal councils present since before the Israeli takeover. In 1980, Israel decided to freeze elections for these councils and to establish instead Village Leagues, whose officials were under Israeli influence. Later this model became ineffective for both Israel and the Palestinians, and the Village Leagues began to break up, with the last being the Hebron League, dissolved in February 1988.[38]

In 1993, in the Oslo Accords, Israel acknowledged the PLO negotiating team as "representing the Palestinian people", in return for the PLO recognizing Israel's right to exist in peace, acceptance of UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and its rejection of "violence and terrorism".[39] As a result, in 1994 the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) territorial administration, that exercises some governmental functions{{ref label|control|iii|}} in parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[40][41] In 2007, the Hamas takeover of Gaza Strip politically and territorially divided the Palestinians, with Abbas's Fatah left largely ruling the West Bank and recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority,[42] while Hamas secured its control over the Gaza Strip. In April 2011, the Palestinian parties signed an agreement of reconciliation, but its implementation had stalled[42] until a unity government was formed on 2 June 2014.[43]

As envisioned in the Oslo Accords, Israel allowed the PLO to establish interim administrative institutions in the Palestinian territories, which came in the form of the PNA. It was given civilian control in Area B and civilian and security control in Area A, and remained without involvement in Area C. In 2005, following the implementation of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders, airspace, and territorial waters.{{ref label|control|iii|}} Following the inter-Palestinian conflict in 2006, Hamas took over control of the Gaza Strip (it already had majority in the PLC), and Fatah took control of the West Bank. From 2007, the Gaza Strip was governed by Hamas, and the West Bank by Fatah.

{{anchor|Politics}}

On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences),[44] the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations system, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty.[26][27][45][46][56] Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.[47]

The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",[48] and Palestine has instructed its diplomats to officially represent "The State of Palestine"—no longer the Palestinian National Authority.[56] On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[49] thus recognising the title 'State of Palestine' as the state's official name for all UN purposes. {{Numrec|Pal|link=N|asof=S}} ({{Numrec|Pal|link=N|pcent=UN}}) of the {{UNnum}} member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine.[46][50] Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's Executive Committee is empowered by the Palestinian National Council to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.[51]

Politics

Government

{{main|Palestinian government}}{{see also|Politics of the Palestinian National Authority|Politics of the Palestine Liberation Organization}}

The State of Palestine consists of the following institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):

  • President of the State of Palestine[52]{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}} – appointed by the Palestinian Central Council[53]
  • Palestinian National Council – the legislature that established the State of Palestine[5]
  • Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization – performs the functions of a government in exile,[46][51][54][55] maintaining an extensive foreign-relations network

These should be distinguished from the President of the Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) and PNA Cabinet, all of which are instead associated with the Palestinian National Authority.

The State of Palestine's founding document is the Palestinian Declaration of Independence,[5] and it should be distinguished from the unrelated PLO Palestinian National Covenant and PNA Palestine Basic Law.

{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=vertical
|image1=Zones A and B in the occupied palestinian territories.svg
|caption1=Map of the Palestinian Authority showing the area currently under Palestinian administration in red (Areas A and B)
|image2=West Bank and Gaza Strip location map.svg
|caption2=Map of the Palestinian Governorates (official)
}}

Administrative divisions

{{See also|ISO 3166-2:PS}}

The State of Palestine is divided into sixteen administrative divisions.

Name Area (km2)[56] Population Density (per km2) muhfaza or district capital
Jenin 583 311,231 533.84 Jenin
Tubas 402 64,719 160.99 Tubas
Tulkarm 246 182,053 740.05 Tulkarm
Nablus 605 380,961 629.68 Nablus
Qalqiliya 166 110,800 667.46 Qalqilya
Salfit 204 70,727 346.7 Salfit
Ramallah & Al-Bireh 855 348,110 407.14 Ramallah
Jericho & Al Aghwar 593 52,154 87.94 Jericho
Jerusalem 345 419,108a 1214.8a Jerusalem (De Jure and disputed)
Bethlehem 659 216,114 927.94 Bethlehem
Hebron 997 706,508 708.63 Hebron
North Gaza 61 362,772 5947.08 date=October 2015}}
Gaza 74 625,824 8457.08 Gaza City
Deir Al-Balah 58 264,455 4559.56 Deir al-Balah
Khan Yunis 108 341,393 3161.04 Khan Yunis
Rafah 64 225,538 3524.03 Rafah

a. Data from Jerusalem includes occupied East Jerusalem with its Israeli population

The governorates in the West Bank are grouped into three areas per the Oslo II Accord. Area A forms 18% of the West Bank by area, and is administered by the Palestinian government.[57][58] Area B forms 22% of the West Bank, and is under Palestinian civil control, and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control.[57][58] Area C, except East Jerusalem, forms 60% of the West Bank, and is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration, except that the Palestinian government provides the education and medical services to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area.[57] More than 99% of Area C is off limits to Palestinians.[59] There are about 330,000 Israelis living in settlements in Area C,[60] in the Judea and Samaria Area. Although Area C is under martial law, Israelis living there are judged in Israeli civil courts.[61]

East Jerusalem is administered as part of the Jerusalem District of Israel, but is claimed by Palestine as part of the Jerusalem Governorate. It was annexed by Israel in 1980,[57] but this annexation is not recognised by any other country.[62] Of the 456,000 people in East Jerusalem, roughly 60% are Palestinians and 40% are Israelis.[57][63]

Foreign relations

{{See also|Foreign relations of Palestine|List of diplomatic missions of Palestine|List of diplomatic missions to Palestine}}

Representation of the State of Palestine is performed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In states that recognise the State of Palestine it maintains embassies. The Palestine Liberation Organization is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources[64] in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine, by the PLO as a non-state entity or by the PNA.

International recognition

{{Main|International recognition of the State of Palestine|Palestine 194}}

On 15 December 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence of November 1988 was acknowledged in the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.[65]

{{Numrec|Pal|link=N|asof=S}} ({{Numrec|Pal|link=N|pcent=UN}}) of the {{UNnum}} member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's executive committee is empowered by the PNC to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.[51]

On 29 November 2012,[44] UN General Assembly resolution 67/19 passed, upgrading Palestine to "non-member observer state" status in the United Nations.[46][66] The change in status was described as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine".[67]

On 3 October 2014, new Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven used his inaugural address in parliament to announce that Sweden would recognise the state of Palestine. The official decision to do so was made on 30 October, making Sweden the first EU member state outside of the former communist bloc to recognise the state of Palestine. Most of the EU's 28 member states have refrained from recognising Palestinian statehood and those that do – such as Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia – did so before accession.[68][69][70]

On 13 October 2014, the UK House of Commons voted by 274 to 12 in favour of recognising Palestine as a state.[71] The House of Commons backed the move "as a contribution to securing a negotiated two-state solution" – although less than half of MPs took part in the vote. However, the UK government is not bound to do anything as a result of the vote: its current policy is that it "reserves the right to recognise a Palestinian state bilaterally at the moment of our choosing and when it can best help bring about peace".[72]

On 2 December 2014, the French parliament voted by 331 to 151 in favour of urging their government to recognise Palestine as a state. The text, proposed by the ruling Socialists and backed by left-wing parties and some conservatives, asked the government to "use the recognition of a Palestinian state with the aim of resolving the conflict definitively".[73]

On 31 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council voted down a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017. Eight members voted for the Resolution (Russia, China, France, Argentina, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Luxembourg), however following strenuous US and Israeli efforts to defeat the resolution,[74] it did not get the minimum of nine votes needed to pass the resolution. Australia and the United States voted against the resolution, with five other nations abstaining.[75][76][77]

On 10 January 2015, the first Palestinian embassy in a western European country is open in Stockholm, Sweden.[78]

On 13 May 2015, the Vatican announced it was shifting recognition from the PLO to the State of Palestine, confirming a recognition of Palestine as a state after the UN vote of 2012.[79] Monsignor Antoine Camilleri, Vatican foreign minister, said the change was in line with the evolving position of the Holy See, which has referred unofficially to the State of Palestine since Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land in May 2014.[80]

On 23 December 2015 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over the natural resources in the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation. It called on Israel to desist from the exploitation, damage, cause of loss or depletion and endangerment of Palestinian natural resources, the right of Palestinians to seek restitution for extensive destruction. The motion was passed by 164 votes to 5, with Canada, Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, Marshall Islands, and the United States opposing.[81]

Raising the flag at the UN

In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.[82]

In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".[83]

After the vote, the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together".[84] US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.[85]

Legal status

{{main| Legal status of the State of Palestine}}

There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars. The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial, is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.[86][87][88][89]

Security

{{main|Palestinian Security Services}}

The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State.

Demographics

{{Main|Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Demographics of Israel}}
Population{{UN_Population|ref
YearMillion
19500.9
20003.2
{{UN_Population|Year}}{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population| State of Palestine}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the State of Palestine had population of 4,420,549 people in 2013.[90] Within an area of {{convert|6220|km2|mi2|lk=on}}, there is a population density of 731 people per square kilometre.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 53 people per square kilometre based on data from 5 July 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Religion

{{main|Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine}}{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion of Palestinians (est. 2014)
|label1 = Islam
|value1 =93
|color1 = MediumSeaGreen
|label2 = Christianity
|value2 = 6
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Druze/Samaritans
|value3 = 1
|color3 = SaddleBrown
}}

93% of Palestinians are Muslim,[91] the vast majority of whom are followers of the Sunni branch of Islam,[92] with a small minority of Ahmadiyya,[93] and 15% being nondenominational Muslims.[94] Palestinian Christians represent a significant minority of 6%, followed by much smaller religious communities, including Druze and Samaritans.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Economy

{{main|Economy of the Palestinian territories}}

Tourism

{{main|Tourism in the Palestinian territories}}

Tourism in the Palestinian territories refers to tourism in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6 million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2 million were foreign tourists while 2.7 million were domestic.[95] Most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels; 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada.[96] Lonely Planet travel guide writes that "the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded."[97] In 2013 Palestinian Authority Tourism minister Rula Ma'ay'a stated that her government aims to encourage international visits to Palestine, but the occupation is the main factor preventing the tourism sector from becoming a major income source to Palestinians.[98] There are no visa conditions imposed on foreign nationals other than those imposed by the visa policy of Israel. Access to Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza is completely controlled by the Government of Israel. Entry to the occupied Palestinian territories requires only a valid international passport.[99]

Infrastructure

Communications

{{main|Communications in the Palestinian territories}}

The communications infrastructure in the Palestinian territories is growing at a very rapid pace and continually being updated and expanded.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Transportation

{{main|Transport in the Palestinian territories}}

Water supply and sanitation

{{main|Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories}}

Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are fully controlled by Israel and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.[100][101]

Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution.[102] The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.[103]

Education

{{main|Education in Palestine}}

The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.[104] Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.[104]

Culture

{{main|Culture of Palestine}}

Media

There are a number of newspapers, news agencies, and satellite television stations in the State of Palestine. News agencies include Ma'an News Agency, Wafa, Palestine News Network and the satellite television includes Al-Aqsa TV, Al-Quds TV, Sanabel TV.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport among the Palestinian people. Rugby is also a popular sport. The Palestine national football team represents the country in international football.

See also

{{portal|Palestine|Limited recognition|Middle East|Asia}}
  • Palestinian self-determination
  • Palestinian territories
  • Israeli-occupied territories
  • Israeli settlement
  • Water Rights in Israel-Palestine

Notes

i.  naming}}Note that the name Palestine can commonly be interpreted as the entire territory of the former British Mandate, which today also incorporates Israel. The history was expressed by Mahmoud Abbas in his September 2011 speech to the United Nations: "... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967."[105] The name is also officially used as the short-form reference to the State of Palestine[3] and this should be distinguished from other homonymous uses for the term including the Palestinian Authority,[106] the Palestine Liberation Organization,[35] and the subject of other proposals for the establishment of a Palestinian state.
ii.  capital}}The Palestinian Declaration of Independence proclaims the "establishment of the State of Palestine on our Palestinian territory with its capital Jerusalem (Al-Quds Ash-Sharif)."[5] The same decision was taken also by the PLC in May 2002 when it approved the PNA Basic Law, which states unambiguously "Jerusalem is the Capital of Palestine".[107] Ramallah is the administrative capital where government institutions and foreign representative offices are located. Jerusalem's final status awaits future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |date=14 May 2006 |title="Negotiating Jerusalem", University of Maryland }}). The United Nations and most countries do not accept Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem through the Jerusalem Law of 1980 (see {{harvnb|Kellerman|1993|p=140}}) and maintain their embassies to Israel in Tel Aviv (see [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html The World Factbook]. Central Intelligence Agency). The international community also does not recognize either Israeli or Palestinian sovereignty over Jerusalem.[108]
iii.  control}}Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on the area classification. It maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[109] sea beyond internal waters,[109][110] land[111]) in the Gaza Strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[112][113][114][115][116] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
iv.  PLOChair}}So far both presidents of the State of Palestine, Yasser Arafat and his successor Mahmoud Abbas, were appointed beforehand as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the committee performing the functions of State of Palestine government.[46][51] See also Leaders of Palestinian institutions.
v.  NewTestament}}The New Testament, taking up a term used once in the Tanakh (1 Samuel 13:19),{{sfn|Whitelam|1996|p=40-42}}{{sfn|Masalha|2007|p=32}} speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the "land of Israel"{{sfn|Saldarini|1994|p=28-29}} (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) (20–21), in a narrative paralleling that of the Book of Exodus.{{sfn|Goldberg|2001|p=147|ps=: "The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here - as in Exodus - rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, "go [back]… for those who sought the Childs life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead."}}
vi.  Strabo}}Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria ("all Syria") around 10–20 CE.{{sfn|Feldman|1996|p=557-8}}

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37. ^{{UN document |docid=A/55/PV.54 |body=A |type=A |session=55 |document_number=36 |title=Bethlehem 2000 Draft resolution (A/55/L.3) |page=10 |meeting=54th plenary meeting |date=7 November 2000 |meetingtime=3 p.m. |speakername=Al-Kidwa, Nasser |speakernation=State of Palestine{{!}}Palestine|language=Arabic |accessdate=10 June 2014}} "Moreover, we are confident that in the near future we will truly be able to join the international community, represented in the Organization as Palestine, the State that encompasses Bethlehem."
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54. ^{{cite web|author=Executive Board of UNESCO |title=Hundred and Thirty-First Session – Item 9.4 of the Provisional Agenda – Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State|page=18, Annex II|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=UNESCO |date=12 May 1989|accessdate=28 September 2011 |quote=A government-in-exile, having no effective control in the territory and not having had previous control, ... .}}
55. ^{{cite web |title=Palestinian National Council (PNC) |accessdate=16 June 2014 |website=European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation |url=http://www.medea.be/en/countries/occupied-palestinian-territories/palestinian-national-council-pnc-l/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806202216/http://www.medea.be/en/countries/occupied-palestinian-territories/palestinian-national-council-pnc-l/ |archive-date=6 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |publisher=Medea Institute |quote=The Palestinian National Council (PNC), Parliament in exile of the Palestinian people, is the most important institution of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO). The PNC elects the Executive Committee of the organization which makes up the leadership between sessions. |df= }}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Palestine |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/palestine.aspx |website=GeoHive |publisher=Johan van der Heyden |accessdate=3 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162009/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/palestine.aspx |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df= }}
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58. ^1 {{cite web |last= Gvirtzman |first= Haim |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/books/maps.htm |title=Maps of Israeli Interests in Judea and Samaria|publisher=Bar-Ilan University|accessdate=8 August 2014|deadurl=no|archivedate=11 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111015009/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/books/maps.htm}}
59. ^{{cite report|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18836847/west-bank-gaza-area-c-future-palestinian-economy|title=West Bank and Gaza – Area C and the future of the Palestinian economy|date=2 October 2013|accessdate=8 August 2014|page=4|archivedate=1 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801210703/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/01/23/000442464_20140123122135/Rendered/PDF/AUS29220REPLAC0EVISION0January02014.pdf|deadurl=no|publisher=World Bank Group}}
60. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/group-israel-controls-42-of-west-bank/|title=Group: Israel Controls 42% of West Bank|newspaper=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=8 August 2014|archivedate=8 August 2014|date=6 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808220117/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/group-israel-controls-42-of-west-bank/|deadurl=no}}
61. ^{{cite report|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.ISR.CO.14-16.pdf|title=Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention|date=9 March 2012|page=6|publisher=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|accessdate=8 August 2014|deadurl=no|archivedate=18 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718223839/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/CERD.C.ISR.CO.14-16.pdf}}
62. ^{{cite book|first=Tobias|last=Kelly|title=Laws of Suspicion:Legal Status, Space and the Impossibility of Separation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank|editor1-first=Franz|editor1-last=Von Benda-Beckmann|editor2-first=Keebet|editor2-last=Von Benda-Beckmann|editor3-first=Julia M.|editor3-last=Eckert|work=Rules of Law and Laws of Ruling: On the Governance of Law|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|date=May 2009|p=91|isbn=9780754672395}}
63. ^{{cite report|url=http://jiis.org/.upload/facts-2010-eng%20%281%29.pdf|format=PDF|title=Jerusalem, Facts and Trends 2009/2010|page=11|publisher=Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies|accessdate=8 August 2014|archivedate=2 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702001634/http://jiis.org/.upload/facts-2010-eng%20%281%29.pdf|deadurl=no|date=2010}}
64. ^Such as listing "Palestine" or Occupied Palestinian Territory without further explanation.
65. ^UNGA, 15 December 1988; Resolution 43/177. Question of Palestine (doc.nr. A/RES/43/177)
66. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Palestine: What is in a name (change)? |date=8 January 2013 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=Aljazeera Inside Story |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/01/2013186722389860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109160021/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/01/2013186722389860.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 |deadurl=no |publisher=Aljazeera |df= }}
67. ^1 {{cite news |title=Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-defies-un-after-vote-on-palestine-with-plans-for-3000-new-homes-in-the-west-bank-8372494.html|publisher=The Independent|date=1 December 2012}}
68. ^{{cite news |last= Beaumont |first= Peter |date=3 October 2014 |title= Sweden to recognise state of Palestine |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/sweden-recognise-state-palestine |newspaper= The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=14 October 2014}}
69. ^{{cite news |date=30 October 2014 |title= Sweden officially recognises state of Palestine |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/30/sweden-officially-recognises-state-palestine |newspaper= The Guardian |accessdate=31 October 2014}}
70. ^{{cite news | last= Wallström, Minister for Foreign Affairs | first= Margot | date=30 October 2014 |title= Sweden today decides to recognise the State of Palestine |url= http://www.dn.se/debatt/sweden-today-decides-to-recognise-the-state-of-palestine/ |newspaper= Dagens Nyheter | location= Stockholm |accessdate=21 April 2015}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/chan40.pdf |title=House of Commons – Parliamentary Debates |date=13 October 2014 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |accessdate=28 January 2018 }}
72. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-29596822 |title=MPs back Palestinian statehood alongside Israel |author= |date=14 October 2014 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=14 October 2014 }}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/12/02/uk-mideast-palestinians-france-idUKKCN0JG1OP20141202|title=French parliament votes for recognition of Palestinian state |author= |date=2 December 2014 |website=Uk. Reuters |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=26 December 2014 }}
74. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/31/us-israel-un-reject-palestinian-resolution-nigeria-security-council|title=US and Israeli intervention led UN to reject Palestinian resolution|author=Peter Beaumont|work=the Guardian}}
75. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/un-votes-against-palestinian-statehood-20141230212147910509.html|title = UNSC rejects resolution on Palestinian state|date = 31 December 2014|accessdate = 31 December 2014|website = Al Jazeera|publisher = }}
76. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30639764|title = UN Security Council rejects Palestinian resolution|date = 31 December 2014|accessdate = 31 December 2014|website = BBC News|publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation}}
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78. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/02/10/397046/Palestine-to-open-Sweden-embassy |title = Palestine opens first W Europe embassy in Sweden |date = 10 February 2015 |accessdate = 21 April 2015 |website = PressTV |publisher = PressTV }}
79. ^'PLO: Vatican accord with Palestine a contribution to justice,' Ma'an News Agency 14 May 2015.:"The Holy See has identified the State of Palestine as such since the vote" by the UN general assembly to recognize it in November 2012, Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi told AFP.
80. ^{{cite news|url = http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c5550d535218478c8208fe32c82c3eb3/vatican-recognizes-state-palestine-new-treaty |title = Vatican recognizes state of Palestine in new treaty |accessdate = 21 April 2015 |website = bigstory.ap.org|agency = Associated Press}}
81. ^'UN adopts resolution on Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources,' Ma'an News Agency 23 December 2015.
82. ^UN backs raising Palestinian flag at NY headquarters. i24news and AFP, 9 September 2015
83. ^Response:Palestinian Attempt to Raise Flag at UNHQ. Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations, 1 September 2015.
84. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-vatican-un-idUSKCN0RA2OY20150910 U.N. General Assembly approves Palestinian request to fly its flag]. Louis Charbonneau, Reuters, 10 September 2015
85. ^UN strongly approves Palestinian proposal to raise flag. Al Jazeera, 11 September 2015
86. ^Segal, Jerome M., Chapter 9, "The State of Palestine, The Question of Existence", in Philosophical perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Tomis Kapitan editor, M.E. Sharpe, 1997, {{ISBN|1-56324-878-6}}.
87. ^Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)
88. ^Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority's Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (24 December 2009), para 43.a.
89. ^Dugard, John (22 July 2009; Op-Ed essay). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23iht-eddugard.html "Take the Case"]. The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
90. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population | title=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics | publisher=State of Palestine | accessdate=22 September 2014}}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Are all Palestinians Muslim?|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding|accessdate=16 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142345/http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|archivedate=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}
92. ^Lybarger, 2007, p. 114.
93. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137789#.U1vh-_ldUdk | title=PA's Moderate Muslims Face Threats | date=31 May 2010|accessdate=26 April 2014| publisher=Israel National News}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims |publisher=Pewforum.org |date= |accessdate=6 July 2016}}
95. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=423693|title=PCBS: Marked increase in West Bank tourism in 2010|last=M'aan|date=26 September 2011|work=M'aan|accessdate=10 October 2012}}
96. ^{{cite web|author1=Imtiaz Muqbil |author2=Sana Muqbil |url=http://www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/03/europeans-dominate-visitor-arrivals-to-palestine-in-2012/#story3 |title=Europeans Dominate Visitor Arrivals to Palestine in 2012 |publisher=Travel-impact-newswire.com |date=11 March 2013 |accessdate=6 July 2016}}
97. ^Israel and the Palestinian Territories. p254. Lonely Planet Publications. 2012
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.wafa.ps/page.aspx?id=xZ3bnwa21530556366axZ3bnw|title=Tourism in Palestine an Act of Solidarity, says Minister of Tourism}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318053118/http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html |archivedate=18 March 2014 }}
100. ^{{cite web | last = United Nations | authorlink = United Nations | title = Gaza water crisis prompts UN call for immediate opening of crossings | date =3 September 2009 | url = https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31927 | accessdate = 25 November 2009}}
101. ^{{cite web|url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22026701~menuPK:294370~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:294365,00.html|title = Gaza Strip Water and Sanitation Situation|date = 2009|accessdate = |website = |publisher = Worldbank}}
102. ^{{cite journal|title = Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine|date = 2005|doi=10.1007/s10669-005-0998-x|volume=24|issue = 4|pages=227–236 | last1 = Fatta | first1 = D. |journal=The Environmentalist}}
103. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/internationalepolitik/GIP11_Palestine_Karen_Assaf.pdf|title = Water as a human right: The understanding of water in Palestine|date = 2004|accessdate = |website = Boell.de|publisher = |last = Assaf|first = Karen}}
104. ^1 {{cite web|title=Education (2014)|url=http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|website=United Nations Development Programme|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=30 January 2017}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385|title=Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly|date=23 September 2011|work=Haaretz.com}}
106. ^{{cite book|url={{Google books |id=78ACLNgHdf4C |page=161 |plainurl=yes }} |title=Middle East Review |author=Baroud, Ramzy |editor=Kogan Page|edition=27th |location=London |publisher=Kogan Page |year=2004 |page=161 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4}}
107. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/2002-basic-law |title=2002 Basic Law |publisher=The Palestinian Basic Law |date= |accessdate=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316005543/http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/2002-basic-law# |archive-date=16 March 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
108. ^Tobias Kelly, "Laws of Suspicion: Legal Status, Space and the Impossibility of Separation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank", Franz von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, Julia M. Eckert (eds.)[https://books.google.com/books?id=mYLnYWdPKBYC&pg=PA91 Rules of Law and Laws of Ruling: On the Governance of Law], Ashgate Publishing 2009, pp. 83–99
109. ^1 Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip.
110. ^Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones".
111. ^Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
112. ^{{cite web|title=Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation|publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=29 October 2004 |url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |accessdate=16 July 2010}}
113. ^{{cite journal |author=Gold, Dore; Institute for Contemporary Affairs |title=Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza Is Still 'Occupied' Even After Israel Withdraws |work=Jerusalem Issue Brief |volume=5 |issue=3 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=26 August 2005 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |accessdate=16 July 2010}}
114. ^{{cite journal |author=Bell, Abraham |title=International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense |work=Jerusalem Issue Brief |volume=7 |issue=29 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|date=28 January 2008 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |accessdate=16 July 2010}}
115. ^{{Cite news |author=Transcript |title=Address by FM Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=22 January 2008 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |accessdate=26 September 2011}}
116. ^{{cite web |author=Salih, Zak M. |title=Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status |publisher=University of Virginia School of Law |date=17 November 2005 |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |accessdate=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm# |archive-date=3 March 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}

Bibliography

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  • {{cite book |title=The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution |author=Bercovitch, Jacob; Zartman, I. William |editors=Bercovitch, Jacob; Kremenyuk, Victor; Zartman, I. William,|edition=illustrated |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4129-2192-3}}
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{{refend}}

Further reading

{{refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite book |title=Refugees into Citizens: Palestinians and the End of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |author=Arzt, Donna E. |edition=illustrated |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87609-194-4}}
  • {{Cite book |title=Law, Power, and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty |first1=Michael |last1=Fowler |first2=Julie Marie |last2=Bunck |publisher=Penn State University Press (via Google Books) |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01471-5 |url={{Google books |id=oAp_97VvpMIC |page=59 |plainurl=yes }} }}
  • {{cite book |title=Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship |first1=Joel |last1=Peters |edition=illustrated |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-870915-10-6}}
  • {{Cite book |url={{Google books |id=pP315Mw3S9EC |page=1328 |plainurl=yes }} |title=The Middle East and North Africa 2004: 2004 |last1=Taylor & Francis Group |first2=Lucy |last2=Dean |edition=illustrated |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-184-1 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}
  • {{cite book |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict |first1=Mark A. |last1=Tessler |edition=2nd, illustrated |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1994|isbn=978-0-253-35848-6}}
  • {{Cite book |title=The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Agreements |first1=Geoffrey R. |last1=Watson |edition=illustrated |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-829891-5 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}{{refend}}

External links

  • Status of Palestine in the United Nations (A/RES/67/19) Full Text
  • Cross, Tony (24 September 2011). "After Abbas's UN Bid Are Palestinians Closer To Having a State?". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 2011-9-28.
  • Recognition of a Palestinian state Premature Legally Invalid and Undermining any Bona Fide Negotiation Process
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20010420191313/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal4.htm Political Statement accompanying Palestinian Declaration of Independence]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130131073609/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution]
  • International Recognition of a Unilaterally Declared Palestinian State: Legal and Policy Dilemmas, by Tal Becker
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