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词条 Operation Neuland
释义

  1. Background

  2. Concept

  3. Implementation

     U-156  U-67  U-502  U-161  Luigi Torelli  U-129  Leonardo da Vinci  U-126  Enrico Tazzoli  Giuseppe Finzi  Morosini 

  4. Results

  5. See also

  6. Sources

  7. Notes

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Neuland
| partof = the Battle of the Atlantic of World War II
| image = File:CaribbeanIslands.png
| caption = Map of the Caribbean Sea
| date = 16 February – late March 1942
| place = Caribbean Sea
| result = Axis tactical victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}
{{flagicon|Italy|1861}} Italy
| combatant2 = {{flag|United States|1912}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}
| commander1 = Karl Dönitz
| commander2 = John H. Hoover
| strength1 = 11 submarines
| strength2 = {{USS|Barney|DD-149|6}}
{{USS|Blakeley|DD-150|6}}
{{USS|Lapwing|AM-1|6}} with
VP-12 (12 × PBY)
2 × Eagle class patrol craft[1]
| casualties1 = 1 killed
1 wounded
1 submarine damaged
| casualties2 = 45 cargo ships sunk
1 lighthouse tender sunk
10 cargo ships damaged
| notes=
  • German casualties were caused by an accident.

| campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}
}}

Operation Neuland (New Land) was the Kriegsmarine code name for the extension of unrestricted submarine warfare into the Caribbean Sea during World War II. U-boats demonstrated range to disrupt United Kingdom petroleum supplies and United States aluminum supplies which had not been anticipated by Allied pre-war planning. Although the area remained vulnerable to submarines for several months, U-boats never again enjoyed the opportunities for success resulting from the surprise achieved by the submarines participating in this operation.

Background

The Caribbean was strategically significant because of Venezuelan oil fields in the southeast and the Panama Canal in the southwest.The Royal Dutch Shell oil refinery on Dutch-owned Curaçao, processing eleven million barrels per month, was the largest in the world; the refinery at Pointe-à-Pierre on Trinidad was the largest in the British Empire; and there was another large refinery on Dutch-owned Aruba. The British Isles required four oil tankers of petroleum daily during the early war years, and most of it came from Venezuela, through Curaçao, after Italy blocked passage through the Mediterranean Sea from the Middle East.[2]

The Caribbean held additional strategic significance to the United States. The southern United States Gulf of Mexico coastline, including petroleum facilities and Mississippi River trade, could be defended at two points. The United States was well positioned to defend the Straits of Florida but was less able to prevent access from the Caribbean through the Yucatán Channel. Bauxite was the preferred ore for aluminum, and one of the few strategic raw materials not available within the continental United States. United States military aircraft production depended upon bauxite imported from the Guianas along shipping routes paralleling the Lesser Antilles.[3]

United States Navy VP-51 Consolidated PBY Catalinas began neutrality patrols along the Lesser Antillies from San Juan, Puerto Rico on 13 September 1939.[4] The United Kingdom had established military bases on Trinidad; and British troops occupied Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire soon after the Netherlands were captured by Nazi Germany. The French island of Martinique was perceived as a possible base for Axis ships as British relationships with Vichy France deteriorated following the Second Armistice at Compiègne. The September 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement enabled the United States to build bases in British Guiana, and on the islands of Great Exuma, Jamaica, Antigua, Saint Lucia and Trinidad.[5]

Concept

Declaration of war on 8 December 1941 removed United States neutrality assertions which had previously protected trade shipping in the Western Atlantic. The relatively ineffective anti-submarine warfare (ASW) measures along the United States Atlantic coast observed by U-boats participating in Operation Paukenschlag encouraged utilizing the range of German Type IX submarines to explore conditions in what had previously been the southern portion of a declared Pan American neutrality zone. A 15 January 1942 meeting in Lorient included former Hamburg America Line captains with Caribbean experience to brief commanding officers of {{GS|U-156|1941|2}}, {{GS|U-67|1940|2}}, {{GS|U-502||2}}, {{GS|U-161|1941|2}} and {{GS|U-129|1941|2}} about conditions in the area. The first three U-boats sailed on 19 January with orders to simultaneously attack Dutch refinery facilities on 16 February. U-161 sailed on 24 January to attack Trinidad, and U-129 followed on 26 January. {{GS|U-126|1940|2}} sailed on 2 February to patrol the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola; and five large Italian submarines sailed from Bordeaux to patrol the Atlantic side of the Lesser Antilles. These eleven submarines would patrol independently to disperse Allied ASW resources until exhaustion of food, fuel or torpedoes required them to return to France.[6]

Implementation

U-156

The second patrol of U-156 was under the command of Werner Hartenstein. Surfacing after nightfall on the evening on February 15, Hartenstein waited 2 miles off shore before commencing his attack at 0131 on February 16, 1942 when he fired two torpedoes at the tankers SS Pedernales and SS Oranjestad laying at anchor outside Aruba's San Nicolaas. Ten minutes later, U-156 moved to with in 3/4 mile of the Lago refinery and prepared to bombard the facility. However, a crewman failed to remove the tampion from the muzzle of the 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, and the first shell detonated within the barrel. One gunner was killed, another seriously injured, and the muzzle of the gun barrel was splayed open. Following the attack, the U-156 sailed past Oranjestad, 14 miles to the west and fired three torpedoes at the Shell tanker Arkansas berthed at the Eagle Pier. One struck the ship, causing minor damage while one missed it's mark and disappeared in the water while the third beached it self. A few days later, four Dutch marines were killed as they attempted to disarm the torpedo.

Hartenstein kept the U-156 submerged north of Aruba after day break. At nightfall the crew buried the sailor who died when the gun explode and the captain received permission to sail to Martinique where the injured crewman was put ashore. The crew used hacksaws to shorten the damaged gun barrel by 40 centimeters, and used the sawed-off gun to sink two ships encountered after all torpedoes had been expended sinking two other ships. U-156 started home on 28 February 1942.[7]

Date[8]Ship[8]Flag[8]Tonnage (GRT)[8]Notes
16 February 1942Pedernales{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}4,317Tanker torpedoed outside San Nicolaas harbor, but later repaired
16 February 1942Oranjestad{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}2,396Tanker torpedoed outside San Nicolaas harbor, and capsized in 48 seconds[9]
16 February 1942Arkansas{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}6,452Tanker torpedoed at Eagle Pier near Oranjestad but later repaired
20 February 1942Delplata{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}5,127Freighter torpedoed at {{coord|14|45|N|62|10|W|display=inline}}[10]
25 February 1942La Carriere{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}5,685Tanker
27 February 1942Macgregor{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}2,498Freighter sunk by gunfire
28 February 1942Oregon{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}7,0176 crewman killed aboard tanker sunk by gunfire at {{coord|20|44|N|67|52|W|display=inline}}[11]

U-67

The third patrol of U-67 was under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim. In coordination with the attack on Aruba U-67 moved into Curaçao's Willemstad harbor shortly after midnight on 16 February to launch six torpedoes at three anchored tankers. The four bow torpedoes hit, but failed to explode. The two torpedoes from the stern tubes were effective on the third tanker.[12]

Date[13]Ship[13]Flag[13]Tonnage (GRT)[13]Notes
16 February 1942Rafaela{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}3,177Tanker torpedoed in Willemstad harbor, but later repaired
21 February 1942Kongsgaard{{flagcountry|Norway}}9,467Tanker
14 March 1942Penelope{{flagcountry|Panama}}8,436Tanker

U-502

The third patrol of U-502 was under the command of Jürgen Von Rosensteil. In coordination with the attacks on Aruba and Willemstad, U-502 waited to ambush shallow draft Lake Maracaibo crude oil tankers en route to the refineries. After three tankers were reported missing, the Chinese crews of surviving tankers refused to sail; and Associated Press broadcast a report that tanker traffic had been halted in the area. U-502 moved north and started home via the Windward Passage after launching its last torpedoes on 23 February.[14]

Date[15]Ship[15]Flag[15]Tonnage[15]Notes
16 February 1942Tia Juana{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}2,395Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
16 February 1942Monagas{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}2,650Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
16 February 1942San Nicholas{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}2,391Shallow-draught 'Lake Maracaibo' crude oil tanker
22 February 1942J.N.Pew{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}9,033Tanker torpedoed at {{coord|12|40|N|74|00|W|display=inline}}, 3 survivors[10]
23 February 1942Thallia{{flagcountry|Panama}}8,329Tanker
23 February 1942Sun{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}9,002No casualties aboard. Tanker damaged by torpedo at {{coord|13|02|N|70|41|W|display=inline}}[16]

U-161

The second patrol of U-161 was under the command of Albrecht Achilles. Achilles and his first watch officer Bender had both visited Trinidad while employed by Hamburg America Line before the war. U-161 entered Trinidad's Gulf of Paria harbor at periscope depth during daylight through a deep, narrow passage or Boca. An electronic submarine detection system registered its passage at 0930 on 18 February 1942, but the signal was dismissed as caused by a patrol boat. After spending the day resting on the bottom of the harbor, U-161 surfaced after dark to torpedo two anchored ships. U-161 then left the gulf with decks awash and running lights illuminated to resemble one of the harbor small craft; and then moved off to the northwest before returning to sink a ship outside the Boca. After sunset on 10 March 1942 U-161 silently entered the shallow, narrow entrance of Castries harbor surfaced on electric motors to torpedo two freighters at dockside; and then raced out under fire from machine guns. The two freighters had just arrived with supplies to construct the new US base; and the harbor previously considered immune to submarine attack was later fitted with an anti-submarine net. U-161 started home on 11 March 1942.[17]

Date[18]Ship[18]Flag[18]Tonnage[18]Notes
19 February 1942British Consul{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}6,940Tanker torpedoed in Gulf of Paria, but later repaired
19 February 1942Mokihana{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}7,460No casualties aboard freighter torpedoed in Gulf of Paria, but later repaired[19]
21 February 1942Circe Shell{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}8,207Tanker
23 February 1942Lihue{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}7,001No casualties aboard freighter torpedoed at {{coord|14|30|N|64|45|W|display=inline}}[20]
7 March 1942Uniwaleco{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}9,755Tanker exploded with no survivors[21]
10 March 1942Lady Nelson{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}7,970Freighter torpedoed in Castries harbor, but later repaired
10 March 1942Umtata{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|civil}}8,141Freighter torpedoed in Castries harbor, but later repaired
14 March 1942Sarniadoc{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}1,940Freighter exploded and disappeared 30 seconds after torpedo impact[22]
15 March 1942Acacia{{navy|United States|coast guard}}1,130USCG lighthouse tender sunk by gunfire south of Haiti

Luigi Torelli

Luigi Torelli under the command of Antonio de Giacomo sank two ships.[36]
Date[23] Ship[36] Flag[36] Tonnage[36] Notes[36]
19 February Scottish StarUnited Kingdom|civil}} 7,300 GRT freighter
25 February Esso CopenhagenPanama}} 9,200 GRT tanker

U-129

Under the command of Nicolai Clausen U-129 spent its fourth patrol intercepting bauxite freighters southeast of Trinidad.[24] The unexpected sinkings caused a temporary halt to merchant ship sailings. The Allies broadcast suggested routes for unescorted merchant ships to follow when sailings resumed. The U-boats received the broadcast and were waiting at the suggested locations.[25]

Date[26] Ship[26] Flag[26] Tonnage[26] Notes
20 February NordvangenNorway}} 2,400 GRT tanker sunk with no survivors[27]
23 February George L. TorianCanada|1921}} 1,754 GRT freighter
23 February West ZedaUnited States}} 5,658 GRT[28] torpedoed at {{coord>09|13|N|69|04|W|display=inline}}[10]
23 February LennoxCanada|1921}} 1,904 GRT bauxite freighter
28 February BayouPanama}} 2,605 GRT freighter
3 March MaryUnited States}} 5,104 GRT[29] torpedoed at {{coord>08|25|N|52|50|W|display=inline}}[30]
7 March Steel AgeUnited States}} 6,188 GRT06|45|N|53|15|W|display=inline}}[30]

Leonardo da Vinci

{{ship|Italian submarine|Leonardo da Vinci|1939|2}} under the command of Luigi Longanesi-Cattani sank one Allied ship and the neutral Brazilian freighter Cabadelo. There were no survivors from the Brazilian ship, and the sinking was not revealed.[31]
Date[29] Ship[29] Flag[32] Tonnage[36] Notes[32]
28 February EverasmaLatvia}} 3,644 GRT16|00|N|49|00|W|display=inline}}

U-126

U-126 patrolled the Windward Passage under the command of Ernst Bauer.[33]
Date[34] Ship[34] Flag[34] Tonnage[34] Notes
2 March GunnyNorway}} 2,362 GRT freighter
5 March MarianaUnited States}} 3,110 GRT22|14|N|71|23|W|display=inline}}[30]
7 March BarbaraUnited States}} 4,637 GRT20|00|N|73|56|W|display=inline}}[35]
7 March CardoniaUnited States}} 5,104 GRT19|53|N|73|27|W|display=inline}}[35]
8 March Esso BolivarPanama}} 10,389 GRT tanker damaged by torpedoes within sight of Guantánamo[36]
9 March HanseatPanama}} 8,241 GRT tanker
12 March TexanUnited States}} 7,005 GRT21|32|N|76|24|W|display=inline}}[37]
12 March OlgaUnited States}} 2,496 GRT23|39|N|77|00|W|display=inline}}[37]
13 March ColabeeUnited States}} 5,518 GRT22|14|N|77|35|W|display=inline}}[37]

Enrico Tazzoli

The large 1,331-ton Enrico Tazzoli under the command of Carlo Fecia di Cossato sank six ships.[36]

Date[32] Ship[32] Flag[32] Tonnage[32] Notes[32]
6 March AstreaNetherlands}} 1,406 GRT freighter
6 March TonsbergfjordNorway}} 3,156 GRT31|22|N|68|05|W|display=inline}} with 1 killed
8 March MontevideoUruguay}} 5,785 GRT29|13|N|69|35|W|display=inline}} with 14 killed
10 March CygnetGreece}} 3,628 GRT24|05|N|74|20|W|display=inline}} with no casualties
13 March DaytonianUnited Kingdom|civil}} 6,434 GRT26|33|N|74|43|W|display=inline}} with 1 killed
15 March AthelqueenUnited Kingdom|civil}} 8,780 GRT26|50|N|75|40|W|display=inline}} with 3 killed

Giuseppe Finzi

The large 1,331-ton Giuseppe Finzi under the command of Ugo Giudice sank three ships.

Date[38] Ship[39] Flag[39] Tonnage[39] Notes[39]
7 March MelpomeneUnited Kingdom|civil}} 7,000 GRT tanker
7 March SkaneSweden}} 4,500 GRT freighter
10 March Charles RacineNorway}} 10,000 GRT tanker torpedoed with no survivors[36]

Morosini

Marcello class submarine Morosini under the command of Athos Fraternale sank three ships.

Date[32] Ship[32] Flag[32] Tonnage[32] Notes[32]
12 March StangarthUnited Kingdom|civil}} 5,966 GRT22|45|N|57|40|W|display=inline}}
15 March OscillaNetherlands}} 6,341 GRT tanker torpedoed with 4 killed
23 March Peder BogenUnited Kingdom|civil}} 9,741 GRT24|53|N|57|30|W|display=inline}} with no casualties

Results

The Aruba refinery was within deck gun range of deep water. Großadmiral Erich Raeder would have preferred shelling the refinery as the opening action of Operation Neuland. On the basis of experience with the relative damage caused by deck guns in comparison to torpedoes, U-boat officers chose to begin by torpedoing tankers to cause large fires of spreading oil. Results of the initial attacks on Aruba and Curaçao were diminished by weapon failures; and subsequent attempts to shell the Aruba refinery were discouraged by defensive fire from larger numbers of larger caliber coastal artillery and patrols by alerted aircraft and submarine chasers.[40]

An important link in petroleum product transport from Venezuelan oil fields was a fleet of small tankers designed to reach the wells in shallow Lake Maracaibo and transport crude oil to the refineries. Approximately ten percent of these tankers were destroyed on the first day of Operation Neuland. Surviving tankers were temporarily immobilized when their Chinese crews mutinied and refused to sail without ASW escort.[41] Refinery output declined while the mutineers were jailed until sailings could resume.[42]

Torpedoing ships within defended harbors was relatively unusual through the battle of the Atlantic. U-boats more commonly deployed mines to permit a stealthy exit. Although results were perceived as less significant, the difficulty of attacks in the Gulf of Paria and Castries by U-161 was comparable to Günther Prien's penetration of Scapa Flow.[43]

Patrol of the Windward Passage by U-126 was well timed to exploit dispersion of ASW forces north and south. U-126 sank some ships within sight of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.[44]

Neuland and Paukenschlag were opened with similar numbers of U-boats; but the effectiveness of Neuland was enhanced by coordination with Italian submarines. The level of success by Italian submarines against a concentration of undefended ships sailing independently was seldom repeated and marked a high point of effective Axis cooperation in the battle of the Atlantic.[39]

See also

  • Bombardment of Curaçao

Sources

  • Blair, Clay Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939-1942 Random House (1996) {{ISBN|0-394-58839-8}}
  • Cressman, Robert J. The Official Chronology of the U.S.Navy in World War II Naval Institute Press (2000) {{ISBN|1-55750-149-1}}
  • Kafka, Roger & Pepperburg, Roy L. Warships of the World Cornell Maritime Press (1946)
  • Kelshall, Gaylord T.M. The U-Boat War in the Caribbean United States Naval Institute Press (1994) {{ISBN|1-55750-452-0}}
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (volume I) The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939-May 1943 Little, Brown and Company (1975)

Notes

1. ^Morison p.145
2. ^Kelshall pp.7-22
3. ^Kelshall pp.7-18
4. ^Scarborough, William E. "The Neutralitv Patrol: To Keep Us Out of World War II?" pp.18-23 NAVAL AVIATION NEWS March–April 1990
5. ^Kelshall pp.4-24
6. ^Blair pp.503-509&728
7. ^Kelshall pp.26-31,42,47-48&57
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3963.html|title=Patrol info for U-156|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
9. ^Kenshall p.29
10. ^1 2 Cressman p.77
11. ^Cressman p.79
12. ^Kelshall pp.26&32
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_474.html|title=Patrol info for U-67|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
14. ^Kelshall pp.26,33,35,43-44&54
15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_1066.html|title=Patrol info for U-502|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
16. ^Cressman p.78
17. ^Kelshall pp.26,35-42,44,49-51,60-64&67
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3984.html|title=Patrol info for U-161|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
19. ^Cressman p.76
20. ^Cressman pp.77-78
21. ^Kelshall p.59
22. ^Kelshall p.66
23. ^Kelshall pp.45&56
24. ^Blair p.507
25. ^Kelshall p.55
26. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3847.html|title=Patrol info for U-129|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
27. ^Kelshall p.47
28. ^Kelshall p.53
29. ^1 2 Kelshall p.57
30. ^1 2 Cressman p.80
31. ^Kelshall p.56
32. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=84&lid=1&cid=42|title=Regia Marina Italiana|publisher=Cristiano D'Adamo|accessdate=2012-07-31}}
33. ^Kelshall p.52
34. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_3831.html|title=Patrol info for U-126|publisher=Guðmundur Helgason|accessdate=2012-07-29}}
35. ^1 Cressman p.81
36. ^1 Kelshall p.60
37. ^1 2 Cressman p.82
38. ^Kelshall pp.58&60
39. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Blair p.508
40. ^Blair pp. 504–505.
41. ^Blair pp. 505–506.
42. ^Kelshall p. 43.
43. ^Blair p. 506.
44. ^Kelshall pp. 58–60.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neuland, Operation}}

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