| 词条 | Oplopanax japonicus |
| 释义 |
|image = Oplopanax japonicus s2.JPG |image_caption = An Oplopanax japonicus plant in Japan |genus = Oplopanax |species = japonicus |authority = Nakai }}Oplopanax japonicus is deciduous shrub that can grow as high as {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The plant is densely packed with spikes and those spikes are irritant. This species of plant belongs to a genus that is rich in calcium oxalate, which is toxic to the digestive system.[1] DistributionOplopanax japonicus is naturally found in East Asia, specifically in Japan.[2] It is usually found in the coniferous shady forest of Northern Japan.[3] One species is also found in China and North America.[4]Habitat and ecologyOplopanax japonicus grow in woodland garden and dappled shade, shady edge and not in deep shade.The optimal cultivation environment is a moist, well drained and retentive soil.[5]MorphologyOplopanax japonicus is a hardy frost resistant shrub. It is also the most spiny member of the ginseng family. It forms seldom and randomly branched stems that are approximately {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long. Deciduous, can grow up to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, Branches bulky, with solid yellow-orange prickles. The stem is prickly and stocky. Petiole {{convert|3|–|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}, densely covered with setae. The leaf blade approximately circular to oblate, the leaf is approximately {{convert|15|–|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide, the two surfaces are usually 5–7 lobed. The shape of the lobe is triangular or broadly triangular, base cordate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acute to slightly acuminate.[6] They have ornamental qualities but are armed with spikes. The plant also features spiny leaves and stems.[7]Flowers and fruitFlowers of Oplopanax japonicus, is usually hermaphrodite (having both male and female organs).[8] Inflorescence terminal, a raceme of umbels, length of {{convert|8|–|25|cm|in|abbr=on}}, densely covered with setae towards the bae, stiffly covered with tiny hairs throughout; umbels length of {{convert|0.9|–|1.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. Usually 6–12 flower with proximal peduncles that is {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Calyx 5-toothed and glabrous. Styles united to middle, slender and apical. Fruit yellow-red at maturity, and sometimes globose.[9] FoodThe leaves and roots of Oplopanax japonicas can be used as food. Young shoots have to be thoroughly peeled and cooked for eating. Roots can be cooked or chewed.[10] Herbal medicine{{medical citations needed|section|date=February 2015}}Oplopanax japnicus is used in herbal medicine.[11] A sesquiterpene{{which|date=October 2017}} has been isolated and a synthetic derivative of the ketone form has been commercially produced in Japan to treat cough.[12]Chemical constituentsAn example of a sesquiterpene that has been isolated and characterized is oplapanone.[13] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oplopanax+japonicus|title=Oplopanax japonicus - (Nakai.)Nakai.|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Wei-Hua|author2=Qing-wen Zhang|title=Isolation and Identification of Two New Polyynes from a North American Ethnic Medicinal Plant--Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq.|journal=Molecules|date=23 February 2010|volume=15|pages=1089–1096|doi=10.3390/molecules15021089}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Oplopanax (Araliaceae)|url=http://www.crug-farm.co.uk/Content/Plants/Oplopanax(Araliaceae).htm|accessdate=30 April 2012}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Flora of China|year=2007|publisher=Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press|pages=436–437, 441}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Oplopanax (Araliaceae)|url=http://www.crug-farm.co.uk/Content/Plants/Oplopanax(Araliaceae).htm}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Aussiee Gardening- Oplopanax japonicus|url=http://www.aussiegardening.com.au/findplants/plant/Oplopanax_japonicus|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=My Garden- Oplopanax japonicus|url=http://www.mygarden.net.au/gardening/oplopanax-japonicus/7460/1|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Oplopanax japonicus|url=http://www.aussiegardening.com.au/findplants/plant/Oplopanax_japonicus|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Oplopanax|url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF13/Oplopanax.pdf|publisher=Harvard University Press|accessdate=2012-04-27}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Herbal Databse - Oplopanax Japonicus|url=http://www.thejourneyawaits.com/herbs/data/O/Oplopanax_japonicus.html|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Plant of the Month|url=http://www.arthurleej.com/p-o-m-Aug11.html|accessdate=9 April 2012}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Small|first=Ernest|title=Canadian Medicinal Crops|year=1999|publisher=National Research Council of Canada|isbn=0-660-17534-7}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last=Takeda|first=Ken'ichi|author2=H. Minato |author3=M. Ishikawa |title=Studies on sesquiterpenoids—XII: Structure and absolute configuration of oplopanone, a new sesquiterpene from oplopanax japonicus (NAKAI) NAKAI |journal=Tetrahedron |year=1966 |volume=22 |pages=219–225 |doi=10.1016/s0040-4020(01)99108-2 }} External links
2 : Araliaceae|Flora of Japan |
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