| 词条 | Orcinus citoniensis |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Pliocene | image = Orcinus citoniensis.JPG | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = Skeleton at the Museo Capellini di Bologna | genus = Orcinus | species = citoniensis | authority = Capellini, 1883 | extinct = yes | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = [1][2] }} Orcinus citoniensis is an extinct species of killer whale that lived from 3.6 to 2.5 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of Italy and England. It was smaller than the modern killer whale (O. orca), {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} versus {{convert|7|to|10|m|abbr=on}}, and had around 8 more teeth in its jaw. It may have resembled the modern killer whale in appearance, and could represent a transitional species between the modern killer whale and other dolphins. O. citoniensis may have hunted large fish and squid in pods, and coexisted with other large predators of the time such as the orcinine Hemisyntrachelus and the extinct shark megalodon. The Pliocene of Italy and England display diverse marine mammal and shark assemblages. TaxonomyThe holotype specimen, MB-1COC-11.17.18, an incomplete skeleton, was first described by paleontologist Giovanni Capellini as Orca citoniensis in 1883 which came from the Late Pliocene sediments of the Poltriciano farm outside the town of Cetona in Tuscany, Italy–to which the species name "citoniensis" refers to.[1][4] Capellini also referred to the whale as "O. citoniensies".[1] A specimen consisting of a tooth and a right inner ear periotic bone from the Red Crag Formation of the Crag Group dating to the Early Pleistocene in England was referred by English geologist Richard Lydekker in 1887, noting it was similar to but considerably smaller than that of the modern killer whale (O. orca).[1] In 1904, French zoologist Édouard Louis Trouessart replaced Orca with Orcinus and described the whale as Orcinus citoniensis.[2] In 1937, Japanese paleontologist Hikoshichiro Matsumoto referred to Lydekker's finds as "Orca cylindrica".[3] In 1988, Italian paleontologist Georg Pilleri assigned isolated Middle Miocene teeth, specimen MGPT-PU13981, from Savoy, France to the species,[4] but this was later revised in 1996 by Italian paleontologist Giovanni Bianucci on the basis the back of the tooth root was too large; and the specimen actually dates to the Pliocene.[4] Bianucci also identified a beak fragment showing tooth sockets, specimen MB-nc, also from the Late Pliocene of Tuscany, which may belong to the species.[4] O. citoniensis may represent a transitional species between early dolphins and the modern killer whale.[12] However, Matsumoto, while describing the Japanese O. paleorca in 1937, noted that the teeth of O. paleorca are much larger and have more similar dimensions to the modern killer whale than those of O. citoniensis are.[3]DescriptionThe holotype comprises the right ramus of the jawbone, teeth in the right jaw, detached teeth, a spinal cord lacking the first three neck vertebrae and last tail vertebrae, some ribs, the breastbone, the right shoulder blade, and humerus and metacarpal fragments from the fin. The skull measures around {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}, in comparison to the {{convert|65|to|110|cm|abbr=on}} skull of the modern killer whale. Like the modern killer whale, the snout is broad and relatively short, and the eye socket is relatively small.[4] It had 28 conical teeth in either jaw, unlike the modern killer whale which has, on average, 24.[5] The holotype could have been {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} long,[4] in comparison to the {{convert|7|to|10|m|abbr=on}} modern killer whale.[6] The vertebrae are large, with 11 thoracic vertebrae, and 51 vertebrae in total, comparable to the numbers in the modern killer whale. The acromion on the shoulder blade, which forms part of the shoulder joint, is short and broad as it is in the primitive bottlenose dolphin Tursiops capellinii.[7] It may have had the appearance of a small killer whale.[8][9][10] PaleobiologyLike the modern killer whale, O. citoniensis could have hunted in cooperative pods. In regards to diet, it may have been more similar to the modern false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) and pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) in that it was a generalist feeder of squid and large fish and vertebrates. The Orcinus lineage may have fished up the food chain, with the primitive O. citoniensis able to target large fish, and the modern killer whale able to target large whales.[11][12] It may have been one of most predatory animals of its region, alongside the orcinine Hemisyntrachelus, and the extinct shark megalodon.[13] PaleoecologyThe Pliocene of Tuscany is representative of a nutrient-rich upwelling in coastal waters and the upper midnight zone along a continental slope. The Pliocene of Italy featured a wide array of marine mammals, for example dolphins such as Etruridelphis, the small sperm whale Kogia pusilla, beaked whales such as Tusciziphius, baleen whales such as Eschrichtioides, the dugong Metaxytherium subapenninum, and the monk seal Pliophoca.[13][14] It also featured several sharks.[13] The area has one of the most diverse Pliocene decapod crustacean assemblages, which indicates a sandy-muddy and at places hard-rock seafloor with calm, well-oxygenated, nearshore water, which are conducive for decapod life. Seagrasses may have been common, similar to the modern day Mediterranean neptune grass (Posidonia oceanica).[15] The Red Crag Formation is representative of a temperate, shallow nearshore environment, perhaps at the mouth of a large river indicated by conifer pollen and small terrestrial vertebrate remains.[16][17] Lydekker, along with O. citoniensis, identified several other whales from the formation, for example the baleen whale Balaenoptera sibbaldina, the sperm whale Hoplocetus, the shark toothed dolphin Squalodon antverpiensis, as well as some species that exist in modern day such as the northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus), the strap-toothed whale (Mesoplodon layardii), and the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas).[1] Shark teeth and skate coprolite were also found here.[18] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite journal|first=R.|last=Lydekker|year=1887|title=The Cetacea of the Suffolk Crag|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London|volume=43|pages=15–16|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.04}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2881494}}2. ^{{cite book|first=É. L.|last=Trouessart|authorlink=Édouard Louis Trouessart|year=1904|title=Catalogus Mammalium Tam Viventium Quam Fossilium|trans-title=A Catalog of Mammals both Living and Fossil|edition=4th|publisher=R. Friedländer & Sohn|page=771|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogusmammali00trou/page/771|language=English}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Matsumoto|first=H.|year=1937|title=A New Species of Orca from the Basal Calabrian at Naganuma, Minato Town, Province of Kazusa, Japan|url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_10834379_po_ART0003832313.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo=|journal=Zoological Magazine (Japan)|volume=49|issue=5|pages=191–193}} 4. ^{{cite book|first=G.|last=Pilleri|year=1988|chapter=Pre-Messinian and Post-Messinian Cetacea in the Mediterranean Tethys and the Messinian Salinity Crisis|title=Contributions to the Paleontology of Some Tethyan Cetacea and Sirenia (Mammalia)|publisher=University of Berne}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=Capellini |first1=G. |year=1883 |title=Di Un'Orca fossile scoperta a cetona in Toscana|trans-title=On a fossil orca from Cetona in Tuscany|language=Italian |journal=Memorie dell'Accademia delle Scienze dell'Instituto di Bologna |volume=4 |issue= |pages=665–687}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/o/orca/|title=Orca|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=21 November 2018}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|first=G.|last=Bianucci|year=1996|title=The Odontoceti (Mammalia, Cetacea) from Italian Pliocene. Systematics and Phylogenesis of Delphinidae|journal=Palaeontographia Italica|volume=84|pages=97–98|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292704391_The_Odontoceti_Mammalia_Cetacea_from_Italian_Pliocene_Systematics_and_phylogenesis_of_Delphinidae}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|first=G.|last=Pilleri|first2=O.|last2=Pilleri|year=1982|title=Catalogue of the Fossil Odontocetes (Cetacea) in the Bologna Giovanni Capellini Museum of Palaeontology with Description of a New species of Hoplocetus (Physeteridae)|journal=Memorie di Scienceze Geologische, Memoire degli Istituti de Geologia e Minerologia dell'universita di Padova|volume=35|pages=293–317}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heyning |first1=J. E. |last2=Dahlheim |first2=M. E. |year=1988 |title=Orcinus orca |journal=Mammalian Species |publisher=The American Society of Mammalogists |number=304 |page=3 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-304-01-0001.pdf |doi=10.2307/3504225 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134712/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-304-01-0001.pdf |archivedate=18 January 2012 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite book|first=D. L.|last=Miller|year=2016|title=Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins|publisher=CRC Press|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=sD3NBQAAQBAJ|page=68}}|page=68|isbn=978-1-4398-4257-7}} 11. ^{{cite book|first=D. R.|last=Lindberg|first2=N. D.|last2=Pyenson|editor1-first=J. A.|editor1-last=Estes|editor2-first=D. P.|editor2-last=DeMaster|editor3-first=D. 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C.|last3=Vaiani|first4=W.|last4=Landini|year=2009|chapter=Pliocene marine mammals from Italy: a systematic and stratigraphic overview|title=International Conference on Vertebrate Palaeobiogeography and Continental Bridges Across Tethys, Mesogea, and Mediterranean Sea|publisher=Museo Geologico Giovanni Capellini|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302931822_Pliocene_marine_mammals_from_Italy_a_systematic_and_stratigraphic_overview}} 15. ^{{cite journal|url=https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/38810/38810.pdf|first=A.|last=Garassino|first2=G.|last2=Pasini|first3=A.|last3=de Angeli|first4=S.|last4=Charbonnier|first5=F.|last5=Famiani|first6=A.|last6=Baldanza|first7=R.|last7=Bizzari|year=2012|title=The decapod community from the Early Pliocene (Zanclean) of "La Serra" quarry (San Miniato, Pisa, Toscana, central Italy): sedimentology, systematics, and palaeoenvironmental implications|journal=Annales de Paléontologie|volume=98|pages=1–62|doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2012.02.001|issn=0753-3969}} 16. ^{{cite journal|first=A. M.|last=Wood|year=2009|title=The Phylogeny and Palaeozoogeography of Cold-Water Species of Ostracod (Crustacea) from the Pre-Ludhamian Stage (Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene), Red Crag Formation, East Anglia, England; with Reference to the Earliest Arrival of Pacific Species|journal=Paleontological Research|volume=13|issue=4|pages=345–366|doi=10.2517/1342-8144-13.4.345}} 17. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253680574_Stratigraphy_and_Palaeoenvironments_of_the_Red_Crag_and_Norwich_Crag_Formations_Between_Aldeburgh_and_Sizewell_Suffolk_England|first=J.|last=Zalasiewicz|first2=S. J.|last2=Mathers|first3=M. J.|last3=Hughes|first4=G. P.|last4=Wealthall|year=1988|title=Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Red Crag and Norwich Crag Formations Between Aldeburgh and Sizewell, Suffolk, England|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=322|issue=1210|pages=221–272|doi=10.1098/rstb.1988.0125}} 18. ^{{cite journal|first=A. P.|last=Hunt|first2=. G.|last2=Lucas|first3=A. J.|last3=Lichtig|year=2015|title=A Helical Coprolite from the Red Crag Formation (Plio-Pleistocene) of England|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276026427_A_HELICAL_COPROLITE_FROM_THE_RED_CRAG_FORMATION_PLIO-PLEISTOCENE_OF_ENGLAND|volume=67|pages=59–61}} 5 : Prehistoric toothed whales|Pliocene cetaceans|Killer whales|Fossil taxa described in 1883|Pliocene mammals of Europe |
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