“Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Militaris et Hospitalis Sancti Lazari Hierosolymitani) is a Christian ecumenical lay order statuted in 1910 by a council of Catholics in Paris, France, initially under the protection of Patriarch Cyril VIII Jaha of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.^[7]

Owing to schism in 1969 the order became divided into two competing "obediences", known as Malta and Paris. In 2008 these rival obediences were reconciled and reunited into a single order once again, led by a Grand Master, and with protection of the former Patriarch Gregorius III Laham of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. However, during the period of separation, the Paris obedience had experienced further schism, with the creation in 2004 of the Orléans obedience, led by Count Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz with protection of Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, and this group then itself experienced schism in 2010, with the break-away of the Jerusalem obedience, led by Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma.

Claims to regularity

The modern Order of Saint Lazarus claims to maintain the spirit and history of the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus and claims a historical continuity to the French branch of the Medieval Order under the fons honorum of the Holy See until 1905.

In 1572, the Order of St Lazarus in Italy was canonically merged with the Order of St Maurice, under the Royal House of Savoy, forming the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. In 1608/1609, the Order of St Lazarus in France was also canonically administratively linked with the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, forming the Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united under the French Royal Patronage. This Order lost its Royal Patronage in 1830. In the 1840s, it sought patronage from the Melkite patriarchy; while Pope Pius IX appears to have assumed ownership using as an honorific award for his Zouaves soldiers in the late 19th century.

The basis of the current Order of St Lazarus's origin, and the authority for its statuting in 1910, has attracted controversy. It seems that the Order set out to re-organize itself and become secularized under the protection of the Melkite Patriarchy in the first decade of the 20th century.

The 1910 reorganization is stated by the Order to have been within the framework of the Roman Canonical continuation of the order (Canon 120 §1and §2) which was never abolished by the Vatican. Consequently, St. Lazrarus continued as a creature of canon law for 100 years after the death of its last knight, the Marquis des Gouttes, who passed in 1857 assuring the order’s continuation until 1957, arguably buying time to find a protector and to reorganize.^[8] It is relevant that no Pope has ever ordered a Melkite Patriarch to desist in this protection of the Order of St. Lazarus (which Popes had previously done for other orders) and Peter van Duren emphasized that "only a papal interdict against the order of St. Lazarus or the Patriarch could have prevented him [any Patriarch] from agreeing to become the spiritual Protector of the Order" ^[9]

Tradition holds that this reorganization came in 1841 under the aegis of Francophile Melkite Patriarch Maximos III. The evidence for this, albeit quite plausible, is circumstantial due to the destruction of pertinent records during the 1860 Druze/Marionite Mount Lebanon conflagration and further ruination of Patriarchal papers at Al-Ain in the 1983 civil war.^[10] Nevertheless, a reorganization indisputably occurred under Patriarch Cyril VIII who became the order’s protector for a while in 1911 as did later patriarchs——all safely before the canonical extinction year of 1957. The debate about the historicity of the 1841 Melkite protection is moot, as the Declaration of Kevelaer in 2012 issued by Patriarch Gregorios III Laham, the current Melkite granting authority, confirms, by affidavit, the 1841 advent of the Melkite protection.^[11]

Although no longer a Roman Catholic order of knighthood, it is, in many nations and sub-national jurisdictions, by Canon Law, an Association of the Faithful. Such is the case, for example, with the order in the Czech Republic.^[12] internationally, the Order's purpose is "care and assistance of the sick and the poor, and to the support and defense of the Christian faith and the traditions and principles of Christian chivalry."^[13] Some 5,000 members are divided under three grand magistries with strongly debated historical claims, yet carrying out "praiseworthy charitable, humanitarian activity".^[14] These widely lauded Hospitaller functions have led observers, like Augustan Society’s Chivalry Committee chair Jean-Paul Gauthier de la Martiniere to declare that St. Lazarus is certainly "much more than a self-styled order." ^[15]

The modern Order is recognized by many ecclesial, noble, princely and non reigning royal dignitaries. Nevertheless, the attributions to the medieval Catholic military order of the Order of Saint Lazarus, founded in 1119, are not recognized by the Holy See,^[16] or other royal heads of state, nor by such private, non-governmental bodies^[17] as the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry^[18] It should be noted that the Holy See does not recognize any order but its own equestrian orders, or those under its protection (e.g., the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Order of the Holy Sepulchre). Consequently, even such undeniably ancient and legitimate house orders as the Constantinian Order of St. George or the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus are not recognized by the Vatican—among very many others.

Unlike most dynastic or otherwise modern non-state orders of Chivalry, the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus has been recognized by the Hungarian Republic as an order of knighthood (28 August 1993 as confirmed on 9 September 2008) and on 5 July 2011 formally accepted the appointment of Countess Éva Nyáry (Malta-Paris obedience) as the new Head of the Representative Office of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem in Hungary.^[19] Van Duren cites a formal Croatian government proclamation attesting that the Order is "as an Order of Knighthood legitimately active in the sovereign territory of Croatia".^[20]

History

The turmoil of the French revolution (1789–1799) put an end to formal admission ceremonies to the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus though King Louis XVIII, previously grand master of the order admitted a number of knights while in exile. With the Bourbon Restoration, King Louis XVIII and his successor King Charles X both served as Protectors of the order which continued to be function under the management of a council of officers.

In 1831, the order lost its royal protection but was not abolished, since being originally a Papal-established order only the Pope could exclusively do so by a specific contrarius actus. This has never been forthcoming and hence the regulations relating to the order fall under the precepts of Canon Law which allows for an order to become extinct 100 years after the deaths of its last member. The last living member admitted before the French Revolution died in 1856. Hence, according to Canon law, the order would have become extinct in 1956. It has been argued that this itself was sufficient to allow the existence of the order right through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.^[21]

Contemporary documentation confirms that the order was active philanthropically in the mid-nineteenth century in Haifa;^[22] while definite admissions were made in the late nineteenth centuries. The order maintains that throughout the nineteenth century after 1841, the order enjoyed the protection of the Melkite Patriarch. In 1910, the order promulgated new statutes placing the management again under the Council of Officers and maintaining the protection of the Melkite Patriarch.^[23] A Grand Magistracy was re-established in 1935 with the appointment of Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre.

Notably, no matter if the modern establishment is to be attributed to 1841 under the Patriarch, to 1910 under the council of officers, or to 1935 under the re-erected Grand Magistracy of Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre - whether considered laicized or not - the enact would arguably not strictly be contrary to canon law.^[24]

Proposed early history of 1830–1910

After 1830, the French foundation of the Order of Saint Lazarus allegedly continued under the governance of a Council of Officers.^[25]

In 1841, according to later dated church authorities, the council of officers invited the Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church Maximos III Mazloum (1779–1855) to become spiritual protector of the order, thence re-establishing a tangible connection with the order's early roots in Jerusalem in the Holy Land.

Indications propose that members supported the rebuilding of the Mount Carmel Monastery in Haifa, Palestine, then under the responsibility of the Melkite Patriarch,^[26] while contemporary biographies indicate late 19th-century individuals as having been members of the Order of Saint Lazarus.^[27]

In the years that followed, according to the order's own accounts, new knights were admitted. These included admirals Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin and Louis Édouard Bouët-Willaumez (1853), comtes Louis François du Mesnil de Maricourt and Paul de Poudenx (1863), comte Jules Marie d'Anselme de Puisaye (1865), vicomte de Boisbaudry (1875), comte Jules Marie d'Anselme de Puisaye (1880 as a hospitaller while living in Tunisia), baron Yves de Constancin (1896), who was later to become commander of the Hospitaller Nobles of Saint Lazarus. The latter was also a knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic and of Order of Saint Anna of Russia.

1910–1961

In 1910, a statute was promulgated by a Council of Officers composed of Catholics, subsequently including Paul Watrin, Anselme de la Puisaye, Alexandre Gallery de la Tremblaye, Charles Otzenberger-Detaille, as well as Polish Catholic priest John Tansky, among others.^[7] This statute explicitly placed the governance in the hands of the magistracy, whose decisions were sovereign and irrevocable, thus manifested as a laicised order, albeit with Patriarch Cyril VIII Jaha of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church as confirmed protector.

The order continually attracted members from the French nobility. By the early 20th century, it was attracting knights from further afield, notably Spain and Poland.^[28]

In 1935, Don Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre, Duke of Seville, Grand Bailiff of the order in Spain and Lieutenant-General of the Grand Magistracy since 1930, was appointed as Grand Master (allegedly authorised so by his cousin, King Alfonso XIII of Spain) – thus, according to the order's account, re-establishing the office, vacant since 1814 following the French Revolution.^[29] Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre remained Grand Master of the order from 1935 to 1952.

Since then, Grand Masters from the House of Bourbon have continued at the helm of the order, except for a short interregnum, when the Grand Master belonged to the French Cossé-Brissac family. That occurred in 1969 with the election of the 12th Duke of Brissac as Grand Master, with the approval of the Count of Paris, head of the Royal House of France, solicited by the Patriarch Maximos V Hakim.

1961 onwards; schisms and obediences

In 1961, Robert Gayre was appointed Bailiff and Commissioner-General for the order in the English-speaking world with responsibility for expanding the order's membership in that area. Up to then, non-Catholic Christians had been accepted only as affiliate members of the order. Gayre accepted the appointment on condition that henceforth Protestants would be eligible for full membership. The Paris authorities reluctantly agreed and Gayre took as a model to emulate the British Protestant Most Venerable Order of St. John.^[30] From this time, although the majority of its members and clergy remained Roman Catholic, the order began to identify itself as an ecumenical order of chivalry,

1969: Malta obedience and Paris obedience

In 1969, disagreement relating to the management and direction of the order led to a significant schism that resulted in two major branches, which came to be known as "obediences". The majority of the membership, including nearly all of the anglophone members, were led by a series of Spanish Borbón Grand Masters, and came to be known as the Malta obedience, as Gayre was headquartered there. The francophone members became the Paris obedience, led by successive Dukes of Brissac as Grand Master.

The decades that followed were punctuated by a series of attempts at reuniting the two branches, most significantly in 1986, when a significant portion of the anglophone membership in the Malta obedience (including most of those in the U.S.) rejoined the Paris obedience.

2004: Orléans obedience

In 2004, the Paris obedience underwent a further schism, breaking off from the Duke of Brissac's leadership, with the formation of the Orléans obedience under the headship of Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou, thus enjoying the temporal protection of the Head of the Royal House of France, Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, uncle of the Duke of Anjou.^[31]

In 2010, the Duke of Anjou resigned as 49th Grand Master to become Grand Master Emeritus, and he was succeeded by his maternal uncle, the Czech Count Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz.^[33]^[32]^[33]

In 2012, Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, temporarily removed his royal protection from the Orléans obedience.^[32] Again, on 31 January 2014, Henri d'Orléans expressly stated that only he can represent the Royal House of France and that "cette protection temporelle leur a été retirée par ma démission es qualités, notifiée à Pâques 2012. .... Toute référence à une quelconque protection temporelle actuelle de la Maison Royale de France, est donc pure affabulation et mensonge".^[32] which he reconstituted again, at least temporarily in February 2014.^[38]

However, on 8 September 2014, Henri d'Orléans restored his temporal protection of the Order of Saint Lazarus (by jus sanguinis) and attached it as a Lieutenancy to his revival of the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.^[34] He explained that this amalgamation was established to defend the cultural heritage of France and to assure that the Order of Saint Lazarus continues its hospitaller missions of mercy and care.^[35] A declaration published by the Order of Saint Lazarus by the Saint Lazarus Grand Magisterium, its Government Council and its Constitutional Council welcomed this amalgamation under Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, as affirming again, "more than ever" the legitimacy of the order.^[36] An attached declaration confirmed that the protection of Saint Lazarus by the Royal House of France was represented within the order by Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou as Grand Master Emeritus and Grand Prior of France.^[36] Moreover, the Count of Paris, noted in his blog, that the statutes of the ancient combined orders, as well as those of the attached Lieutenancy of Saint Lazarus, were in accordance with the 1901 French law on associations, deposited and accepted by the Grand Chancellor of the National Order of the Legion of Honor.^[35]

There is no scholarly consensus of the exact scope of a dynast's fons hornorum. Some argue that the heads of formerly regnant houses, like the Count of Paris, by right of blood (jure sanguinis), can (jus honorum) even create or revive household orders moto proprio as an inviolable family prerogative. Prominent Italian jurist and president of chamber of the Italian Republic's highest court of appeal the Corte Suprema di Cassazione, Ercole Tanturri, expressed the idea of heritable sovereignty as "a perpetual quality, indelibly linked and united in the centuries to all the offspring of one who first achieved or claimed and is realized in the person of the Head of Name and Arms of Dynasty. . ." ^[37] This thinking is reflected in the February 2011 statement of legitimacy for the Order of St. Lazarus, which avers that "the temporal protection of the Order guaranteed by H.R.H. the Count of Paris, Duc de France, Head of the Royal House of France, as its fons honorum assures the traditional and historical legitimacy of the Order, with the added grace of ensuring that The Order is not in the patrimony of the Royal House of France."^[38] Thus, even the Orleanist order of St. Lazarus disavows that it is a dynastic foundation, but rather a historic canonical and French royal institution that is protected by the fons of the current claimant to the defunct French thrown. This debate, aside, the influential genealogist Louis Mendola concedes that Henri’s royal patronage should certainly protect the Orleanist group from being lumped together with obviously "self-styled" groups and is at least, if not more, a "quasi-chivalric confraternity dedicated to charitable work."^[39] Still others argue that the Count of Paris can simply do what he wants as a fountain of honor, including create a new order or revive an old one. This notion is captured in the idea that "Orléans' Order as protected by the count of Paris, is a "legitimate and valid chivalric order since the Royal House of France is indeed a fount of honor. One can even argue that it would be a sort of revival of the ancient Order that was merged with the Order of Mt. Carmel by the French Crown in the 17th century".^[40]

On December 10, 2016, Jan Count Dobzensky z Dobrzenicz, 50th Grand Master of the Order of St. Lazarus, was knighted by Pope Francis as a Commander of the Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great. Also elevated into the Order of Saint Sylvester Pope and Martyr was the order's Herald for the Grand Priory of Bohemia, Chev. Zdirad Jan Krtitel Cech, who entered as a knight.^[41]

The Order is accepted as catholic association in the Czech Republic ^[42], Poland ^[43] and France ^[44].

2008: Malta-Paris obedience

In 2008, the previously separate Malta and Paris obediences formally reunited into the Malta-Paris Obedience under the headship of Carlos Gereda y de Borbón and the Spiritual Protectorship of Gregory III Laham, the Melchite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch at that time.^[45]^[46]

On 27 May 2012, Gregory III Laham signed the aforementioned declaration in Kevelaer, Germany, confirming the continuity of the order (under the united Malta-Paris obedience) under the Patriarchs of Antioch since his predecessor Patriarch Maximos III Mazloum had accepted the role of Spiritual Protector of the order in 1841.^[47]

2010: Jerusalem obedience

In 2010, there was a further split within the Orléans obedience, requiring the Count of Paris to clarify that his temporal protection would remain with the obedience under Count Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz (Orléanist) as opposed to those who had broken away to form their own group under the leadership of Count Philippe Piccapietra^[48] who had previously been a member of the team led by Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou.

Piccapietra went on to establish Saint Lazare International in 2012 with its headquarters in Jerusalem.^[49] This 'Jerusalem obedience' now has as its Grand Master Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma and enjoys the spiritual patronage of Anglican Bishop Richard Gerard, emeritus Representative of the Archbishop of Canterbury to the Holy See.

Organisation

Purpose

The purpose of the Order is to "care and assistance of the sick and the poor, and to the support and defense of the Christian faith and the traditions and principles of Christian chivalry."

Charity

In recent years the order participate in worldwide humanitarian efforts. It has been engaged in a major charitable program to revive Christianity in Eastern Europe: Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, and the Near East: Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian territories. Millions of dollars worth of food, clothing, medical equipment and supplies have been distributed by the LHW-volunteers of the Humanitarian Grand Priory Europe (GPEU) in Poland, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Croatia and North Macedonia. Because of this experience, the European Community commissioned the LHW-volunteer organisation Lazarus-Hilfswerk to transport more than 21,000 tons of food to the hungry in Russia and to distribute it in St. Petersburg, Novorod and Moscow. The Order organised with the LHW food aid and managed reconstruction projects after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.^[50]^[51]^[52]

The various jurisdictions still undertake to support the modern fight against leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD).

Insignia and vestments

For the Order of Saint Lazarus ceremonial occasions, such as investitures, the members wear distinctive vestments and insignia. The mantle of the order is a black cloak with a green velvet collar and the cross of the order sewn onto the left side. The mantle is always worn at religious ceremonies. In addition to the mantle and insignia members of the order normally wear white gloves and ladies may also wear a mantilla in church.

The insignia of a knight is a badge with military trophy pendant from a green neck ribbon, and a golden breast star. Dames of the order wear the badge with wreath of laurel and oak springs from a ribbon bow and a golden breast star. A green button hole rosette may also be worn on a business suit by gentlemen of the order.^[58]

Gallery

Membership

Membership of the Order of Saint Lazarus is by invitation only and is an honour granted by the Grand Magistry of the order. The order include among their members people of the European nobility, academics, politicians and senior clergy. Membership in the order is divided into two classes, knights of justice and knights of magistral grace, the former restricted to members of families with noble titles.^[59] All members of the order are invested in one of the following ranks, regardless of whether they qualify for justice or magistral grace:

Men who are invested in the rank of knight (KLJ) or higher are entitled to the prenominal Chevalier. Women invested in the rank of Dame or higher are entitled to the prenominal Dame.

In the Orleans obedience, full membership is restricted to those aged 25 or above, although a noviciate membership level is open to those aged 18 or above.^[60]

There is also a Companionate of Merit which is often used to honour individuals who are not members of the order, but have supported its work, or made a significant contribution to society.^[61]^[62] Those admitted may receive the grade of Member of Merit, Officer of Merit, Commander of Merit, Knight/Dame of Merit, or Knight/Dame Grand Cross of Merit.

Status, controversy and recognition

Although the Order enjoys the individual recognition of multiple ecclesial, royal and other dignitaries, the legitimacy including fount of honour of both branches of the modern Order of Saint Lazarus continues to be debated by historians ^[63]^[10] and by the private, self-appointed International Commission on Order of Chivalry (ICOC) which does not include the MHOLJ on its Provisional List of Orders (2010) and argues that:

Finally, the Order was originally a religious foundation, established by Papal Bull and the grant of various privileges by successive Popes, and the decision to allow the Order to become extinct was not challenged by the Holy See which has repeatedly condemned the modern revival.

It should be noted that Saint Lazarus, which thus cannot be considered an order of chivalry, carries out praiseworthy charitable, humanitarian activity producing numerous contributions to social works and therefore it might be included among in a category of Organisations inspired by Chivalry.^[14]

Catholic Church

The "condemnations" mentioned by the ICOC above were unofficially published in the L'Osservatore Romano, possibly in contravention of Canon Law, as the MHOLJ existed as Canonical entity until 1956.^[64]

In a note of clarification from the Secretariat of State, headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State, the Holy See has made an official statement clarifying that it only recognizes its own orders:^[16]

All other orders, whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See. Furthermore, the Holy See does not guarantee their historical or juridical legitimacy, their ends or organisational structures.

To avoid any possible doubts, even owing to illicit issuing of documents or the inappropriate use of sacred places, and to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called "ceremonies of investiture".|author=Vatican Information Service|source=Holy See}}

However, since 2012, the Vatican has ceased to specifically list orders it does not acknowledge in order to simply list those Catholic ones that it actually does.

The last living member admitted before the French Revolution died in 1856. Hence, according to Canon law (Canon 120 §1 and §2), the order would have become extinct 100 years later, in 1956. In the interim, the order in 1910 had secularized itself under the protection of the Melkite Patriarch and hence was no longer under the precepts of the Roman Catholic Church. Notably, no matter if the modern establishment is to be attributed to 1841 under the Patriarch, to 1910 under the Council of Officers, or to 1935 under the re-erected Grand Magistracy of Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre - whether considered laicized or not - the enact would arguably not strictly be contrary to the Canon law.^[24]

Notwithstanding, ever since the statutes of 1910, a number of prominent Catholic prelates, including Cardinals, have acted as chaplains in different positions of the order.

The Malta-Paris obedience enjoys as Spiritual Protector the former Patriarch of Melkite Greek Catholic Church, Gregory III Laham. On 27 May 2012, Gregory III Laham signed a declaration in Kevelaer, Germany, confirming the continuity of the order (under the united Malta-Paris obedience) under the Patriarchs of Antioch since his predecessor Patriarch Maximos III Mazloum had accepted the role of Spiritual Protector of the order in 1841.^[47] Previously, Cardinal Basil Hume was a member of the order in England as is his successor Cardinal Cormac Murphy O'Connor. The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal George Pell^[65]^[66] is a former national chaplain and member of the order in Australia. The present Ecclesiastical Grand Prior of the order is Archbishop Michele Pennisi EGCLJ, the Archbishop of Monreale in Sicily, Italy.

The Orléans obedience enjoys as Spiritual Protector Cardinal Dominik Duka, who succeeded Cardinal László Paskai, former Primate of Hungary, in the position.^[67] In the Czech Republic bishop Frantisek prince Lobkowicz is spiritual prior;^[68] in Poland bishop Jan Tyrawa is spiritual prior;^[69] and for the Grand Priory of Monaco Dominique Rey, bishop of Fréjus-Toulon, is the Prelate Grand Cross.^[70]

National legal authorities

In Spain, the order received recognition from the state through a number of legal documents.,^[71] however it should be noted that this organisation is not listed in the Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain.

The Orleans obedience enjoys perceived recognition as per a government communiqué and other cooperation efforts in and of Czech Republic.^[72]

Royal Patronage

King Juan Carlos I of Spain allowed his kinsman don Carlos Gereda y de Borbon to accept the position of Grand Master of the order (Malta-Paris obedience) in 2008.

The Orléans obedience claims the protection of Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris.^[73] In 2004, the count of Paris allowed his nephew Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou to take the position of 49th Grand Master of the order in the Orléans obedience. Following the split of the Paris obedience in 2004 that led to the establishment of the Orléans obedience of the Order of Saint Lazarus under Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou, Henri d'Orléans, Count of Paris, head of the Orléanist branch of the House of Bourbon, re-established his temporal protection.^[73] In 2010, the Prince resigned and since, the Grand Master of the Orléans obedience is Count Jan Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz.

Prominent members

Malta-Paris obedience

A number of royal houses are represented among the knights of the order, including Prince David Bagrationi of Moukhrani of Georgia, Zera Yacob Amha Selassie, Crown Prince of Ethiopia.

In the United Kingdom the order has counted several senior aristocrats among its membership. The Rt. Hon. Earl Ferrers was the grand prior of England and Wales (Malta obedience) until March 2012 when he was replaced by the 22nd Earl of Shrewsbury, who was in turn replaced in 2013 by the Marquess of Lothian. In Scotland Viscount Gough is head of the grand bailiwick of Scotland.

In Ireland, Denis O'Conor Don, Chief of the Name O'Conor and principal claiment to the High Kingship of Ireland,^[74] was a knight of justice in the order as well as Juge d'Armes of the Grand Priory of Ireland.^[75] Other noble families are also represented among the order's membership in Ireland, including O'Morchoe, Bunbury and Guinness.

The grand priory of Australia was under the patronage of the former Governor-General of Australia Quentin Bryce during her tenure from 2008-2014.^[76] In New Zealand, the Governor General Dame Patsy Reddy is a Vice-Regal Patron of the order, and the Māori King Tuheitia Paki is a knight commander of the order.

Orléans obedience

Other Lazarite organisations

Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (1995)

Founded by John von Hoff (died 2017),^[79] its website states that a "Grand Priory of England, Wales, Isle of Man and Channel Islands", of which Niels Ole Larsen is now the Grand Master, was established in 1995, and that a wider body of "United Grand Priories" was set up in 1999. It chose to be independent of the same "United Grand Priories" due to the fact that John von Hoff assumed for himself the title of Master General of the Order without the backing and approval of the other Grand Priories within the "United Grand Priories".^[80] The other Grand Priories continued expanding as the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus - see below. The organization claims it is not an order of chivalry and that it has no pretensions of being an order of chivalry directly descended from the original Order of Saint Lazarus, or from the order statuted in 1910.

Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem (1995)

This body's website states that an organization called "United Grand Priories of the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem" was established in 1995. The organization is registered as a chivalric organisation within the United Nations and has a presence in many countries of the world with a membership of 14,000 Lazarites.^[81] It is based in Edinburgh, Scotland, with an administrative presence in Malta, under the leadership of Richard Comyns of Ludston (Supreme Grand Prior) and the spiritual direction of Mgr Joseph Vella Gauci (Grand Chaplain General). The organization claims to be chivalric, but makes no claim of being an order of chivalry descended directly from the original Order of Saint Lazarus, or from the order statuted in 1910.^[82]

It is very active within international and European fora and is a member of various United Nations initiatives, Amnesty International, the European Disability Forum, the European Network of Independent Living, Inclusion International and other institutions.^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86] Several distinguished personalities, including heads of state, nobility and high ranking government ministers and public personalities are members of this chivalric organisation.

The ranks of membership within this organisation are similar to other Lazarite chivalric organisations, starting from Member of the Order (MLJ), with the highest rank within the Order being that of Knight Grand Cross (GCLJ) or Dame Grand Cross of the Order. The organisation also has a prestigious Companionate of Merit of the Order for persons from all over the world who have aided and assisted the Order or who have performed meritorious philanthropic or social work in their career. Whilst membership of the Order is exclusively for Christians of all denominations, the Companionate of Merits is conferred regardless of religious affiliation. During investitures, members of the Order wear their black mantles with a green eight pointed cross. ^[87]

Efforts to create a memorandum of understanding and cooperation agreements between the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus and the various obediences within the Military and Hospitaller Orders of Saint Lazarus were regularly brought up, especially during the years 2003/2004, but were never concluded in full.^[88]^[89]

2008: Grand Priory of Carpathia

The Grand Priory of Carpathia is an alliance of Jurisdictions of the Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem which are located within the Carpathian Basin, or adjacent to it, or historically were part of the Kingdom of Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In 2004, the leaders broke from the then recognized Obediences. Efforts to achieve a reconciliation failed in 2008 when the Constitution of the new united Malta-Paris obedience was not accepted. From that time onward, the Grand Priory of Carpathia has functioned autonomously.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.st-lazarus.net/en/the-order/castello-lanzun|title=The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem - Castello Lanzun|website=St-lazarus.net|accessdate=10 January 2019}}
2. ^ {{dead link|date=January 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://orderofsaintlazarus.com/pdf/3_3/constitutional-charter.pdf|format=PDF|title=CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER of the MILITARY AND HOSPITALLER ORDER OF SAINT LAZARUS OF JERUSALEM|website=Orderofsaintlazarus.com|accessdate=10 January 2019}}
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5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.st-lazarus.net/en/structure/persons/spiritual-protector|title=The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem - Spiritual Protector|website=St-lazarus.net|accessdate=10 January 2019}}
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14. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.icocregister.org/premise.htm|title=premise|website=Icocregister.org|accessdate=10 January 2019}}
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17. ^as the other International organizations of scholars in documentary sciences ie. groups as the International Academy of Heraldry and - AIH and International Academy for Genealogy - AIG
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