| 词条 | Stavropol |
| 释义 |
| en_name = Stavropol | ru_name = Ставрополь | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Stavropol centre.JPG | image_caption = Stavropol city center | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|45|03|N|41|59|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Stavropol flag.svg | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Stavropol (1994).png | coa_caption = | anthem = none | anthem_ref = [1] | holiday = | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Stavropol Krai | federal_subject_ref = [2] | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = city of krai significance of Stavropol | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [3] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Stavropol Krai | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [2] | adm_ctr_of2 = city of krai significance of Stavropol | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [3] | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [3] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Stavropol Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [7] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Stavropol Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [7] | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = Head | leader_title_ref = [2] | leader_name = Andrey Dzhatdoyev | leader_name_ref = [3] | representative_body = City Duma | representative_body_ref = [2] | elevation_m = | area_km2 = | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 398539 | pop_2010census_rank = 47th | pop_2010census_ref = [4] | pop_latest = 425853 | pop_latest_date = January 2015 | pop_latest_ref = [5] | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = October 22, 1777 | established_title = | established_date_ref = [14] | current_cat_date = 1785 | current_cat_date_ref = [15] | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 355000–355013, 355016–355021, 355024–355026, 355028–355032, 355035, 355037, 355038, 355040–355042, 355044, 355045, 355047 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 8652 | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://ставрополь.рф }}Stavropol ({{IPAc-en|s|t|æ|v|ˈ|r|oʊ|p|əl}}, {{lang-rus|Ставрополь|p=ˈstavrəpəlʲ}}) is a city and the administrative center of Stavropol Krai, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 398,539.[6] It was previously known as Voroshilovsk (until January 12, 1943).[7] EtymologyThe name Stavropol ({{lang-rus|Ста́врополь}}) is a Russian rendition of the Greek name, {{lang|grc|Stauropolis}} ({{lang-grc-gre|Σταυρούπολις}}, was the name of an historically-unrelated archbishopric in Caria, a Roman province in present Anatolia), meaning "the City of the Cross". According to legend, soldiers found a stone cross there while building the fortress in the city's future location.[18] HistoryIt was founded on October 22, 1777[8] following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 as a military encampment,[9] and was granted city status in 1785.[10] Prince Grigory Potemkin, who founded Stavropol as one of ten fortresses built between Azov and Mozdok at the request of Catherine the Great, played a leading role in the creation of the city. Don Cossacks, particularly those from the Khopersky Regiment, settled the area in and around the cities of Stavropol and Georgiyevsk with a mission to defend borders of the Empire.[11] Alexander I in 1809 invited several Armenian families to settle by the fortress, in order to encourage trade in the region. Stavropol's strategic location aided in the Russian Empire's conquest of the Caucasus. By the early 19th century the city grew into a busy trade center of the North Caucasus. In 1843, an Episcopal see of the Russian Orthodox Church was established in Stavropol and in 1847 the city became the seat of Stavropol Governorate.[12] During the Russian Civil War the city changed hands several times and finally was captured by the Red Army from the Volunteer Army of general Anton Denikin on January 29, 1920. The city was renamed Voroshilovsk on May 5, 1935, after Kliment Voroshilov, but the original name was restored in 1943. The Great Patriotic War took a heavy toll on the city and between August 3, 1942 and January 21, 1943 Stavropol was occupied by the Germans and its airport was used as a base for the Luftwaffe (German air force) to bomb Soviet oil supplies in Grozny. The city was recaptured by the Soviet Army in January, 1943. Since 1946, natural gas has been extracted near the city; later on, a pipeline to supply Moscow was built. Administrative and municipal statusStavropol is the administrative center of the krai.[13] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality (the khutor of Grushevy), incorporated as the city of krai significance of Stavropol—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[14] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Stavropol is incorporated as Stavropol Urban Okrug.[15] EconomyStavropol's economy focuses on the production of automobiles, furniture, and construction equipment and materials. The city relies on air transport (Shpakovskoye airport), rail, and highway connections to other Russian cities. Demographics{{Infobox|title=Stavropol population |label1=2010 Census |data1=398,539[4] |label2=2002 Census |data2=354,867[16] |label3=1989 Census |data3=318,298[17] |label4=1979 Census |data4=258,233[18] }} Stavropol's population includes a significant number of refugees escaping the strife or instability of the Russian border regions and Caucasus nations to the south. FacilitiesStavropol has a theater and an association football team called FC Dynamo Stavropol. The main educational institutions of the town include North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol State Agrarian University, and Stavropol State Medical University. The area of Russia in which Stavropol resides is very mountainous, placing the city in the midst of the northern Caucasus mountain range. The city has one of the biggest city parks in Russia, 'Central Park' covering up to 12 hectares.[19] The city, like many other Russian cities has its own botanical garden, which covers up to 18 hectares, including 16 hectares of natural woods.[9][20] ClimateStavropol experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with short but cold winters (though mild for Russia) and hot summers. Precipitation is rather low, with a {{convert|562|mm|sp=us}} annual average. Stavropol is not protected by the mountains in the winter months, so it can frequently get very cold. The lowest temperature recorded in Stavropol was {{convert|-28.3|C|F}} on 8 February 2012, while the highest was {{convert|+39.7|C|F}} on 8 August 2006. {{Weather box|location=Stavropol |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=16.7 |Feb record high C=20.9 |Mar record high C=30.2 |Apr record high C=35.0 |May record high C=32.5 |Jun record high C=36.3 |Jul record high C=38.6 |Aug record high C=39.7 |Sep record high C=37.3 |Oct record high C=34.2 |Nov record high C=24.8 |Dec record high C=21.9 |year record high C=39.7 |Jan high C=1.2 |Feb high C=1.7 |Mar high C=7.3 |Apr high C=15.5 |May high C=20.5 |Jun high C=24.9 |Jul high C=28.2 |Aug high C = 28.0 |Sep high C = 22.4 |Oct high C = 15.3 |Nov high C = 7.5 |Dec high C = 2.9 |year high C = 14.6 |Jan mean C = -2.3 |Feb mean C = -2.3 |Mar mean C = 2.3 |Apr mean C = 9.6 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 19.2 |Jul mean C = 22.3 |Aug mean C = 21.8 |Sep mean C = 16.4 |Oct mean C = 10.0 |Nov mean C = 3.4 |Dec mean C = -0.7 |year mean C = 9.5 |Jan low C = -5.1 |Feb low C = -5.3 |Mar low C = -1.1 |Apr low C = 5.1 |May low C = 10.0 |Jun low C = 14.5 |Jul low C = 17.1 |Aug low C = 16.5 |Sep low C = 11.8 |Oct low C = 6.3 |Nov low C = 0.5 |Dec low C = -3.5 |year low C = 5.6 |Jan record low C = -27.7 |Feb record low C = -28.3 |Mar record low C = -19.4 |Apr record low C = -10.7 |May record low C = -2.3 |Jun record low C = 3.1 |Jul record low C = 8.5 |Aug record low C = 6.0 |Sep record low C = -3.5 |Oct record low C = -12.0 |Nov record low C = -19.9 |Dec record low C = -24.3 |year record low C = -28.3 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 29 |Feb precipitation mm = 28 |Mar precipitation mm = 35 |Apr precipitation mm = 45 |May precipitation mm = 66 |Jun precipitation mm = 83 |Jul precipitation mm = 58 |Aug precipitation mm = 43 |Sep precipitation mm = 47 |Oct precipitation mm = 49 |Nov precipitation mm = 46 |Dec precipitation mm = 33 |year precipitation mm = 562 |Jan rain days = 5 |Feb rain days = 5 |Mar rain days = 8 |Apr rain days = 13 |May rain days = 13 |Jun rain days = 13 |Jul rain days = 10 |Aug rain days = 8 |Sep rain days = 10 |Oct rain days = 11 |Nov rain days = 10 |Dec rain days = 7 |year rain days = 113 |Jan snow days = 13 |Feb snow days = 13 |Mar snow days = 9 |Apr snow days = 1 |May snow days = 0.3 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 1 |Nov snow days = 6 |Dec snow days = 10 |year snow days = 53 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 82 |Mar humidity = 78 |Apr humidity = 68 |May humidity = 68 |Jun humidity = 66 |Jul humidity = 60 |Aug humidity = 60 |Sep humidity = 68 |Oct humidity = 77 |Nov humidity = 84 |Dec humidity = 84 |year humidity = 73 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[21] |date=December 2011 }} Notable peopleWell-known Russians who have visited or resided in Stavropol include: Generals Alexander Suvorov, Alexey Yermolov, and Nikolay Raevsky, the poets Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov, who were in political disfavor, the surgeon Nikolay Pirogov, Alexander Griboyedov, Leo Tolstoy, and the national poet of Ossetia, Kosta Khetagurov.[22] The first and only executive president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, was born in Stavropol Krai and spent several years working in the city of Stavropol as the head of the krai's administration. Gorbachev's chief mentor, long-time friend, and predecessor Yuri Andropov was also born in Stavropol Krai. Twin towns and sister cities{{refimprove section|date=January 2016}}{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Stavropol is twinned with:[23]
ReferencesNotes1. ^Article 3 of the Charter of Stavropol states that the city may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. {{As of|2015}}, no such law is in place. The Symbols section on the Stavropal's official website also does not include an anthem. 2. ^1 Charter of Stavropol, Article 30 3. ^Official website of Stavropol. Andrey Khasanovich Dzhatdoyev, Head of Administration of the City of Stavropol {{ru icon}} 4. ^1 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 5. ^Stavropol Krai Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность населения муниципальных образований Ставропольского края на начало 2011-2015 гг. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228030549/http://stavstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/stavstat/ru/statistics/population/ |date=February 28, 2016 }} {{ru icon}} 6. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 7. ^Decree of January 12, 1943 8. ^1 Charter of Stavropol, Article 2 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Stavropol|url=http://stavmed.com/page_88.html|publisher=stavmed.com|accessdate=October 12, 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=438}} 11. ^ {{Dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.stavkray.ru/o_stavropolskom_krae/history/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-01-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070217191750/http://www.portal.stavkray.ru/o_stavropolskom_krae/history/ |archivedate=February 17, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} 13. ^1 2 Law #9-kz 14. ^1 2 3 Resolution #63-p 15. ^1 2 Law #88-kz 16. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} 17. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}} 18. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1979Census}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Stavropol – A windy and mountainous city with a historic atmosphere|date=March 11, 2011|url=http://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/radio_broadcast/36563396/47244608/|publisher=sputniknews.com|accessdate=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105254/http://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/radio_broadcast/36563396/47244608/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Biorepository: Stavropol Botanical Garden|url=http://biocol.org/institution/stavropol-botanical-garden|publisher=biocol.org|accessdate=October 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190834/http://biocol.org/institution/stavropol-botanical-garden|archive-date=March 4, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} 21. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34949.htm| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Stavropol| language = Russian| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| accessdate = 6 April 2016}} 22. ^Stavropol - City 23. ^Twin-city relations with the cities of non-CIS states{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html|title=Yerevan - Partner Cities|accessdate=2013-11-04|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|publisher=© 2005—2013 www.yerevan.am|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html|archivedate=November 5, 2013|df=mdy-all}} Sources
|ru_entity=Президиум Верховного Совета СССР |ru_type=Указ |ru_date=12 января 1943 г. |ru_title=О переименовании города Ворошиловска, Орджоникидзевского края, в город Ставрополь и Орджоникидзевского края — в Ставропольский край |ru_effective_date= |ru_published_in= |ru_published_date= |ru_url= |en_entity=Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR |en_type=Decree |en_date=January 12, 1943 |en_title=On Changing the Name of the City of Voroshilovsk in Ordzhonikidze Krai to the City of Stavropol, and of Ordzhonikidze Krai to Stavropol Krai |en_url= }} External links
3 : Stavropol|Stavropol Governorate|Populated places established in 1777 |
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