“Oskar Fischer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Oskar Fischer (12 April 1876 – 28 February 1942) was a Czech academic, psychiatrist and neuropathologist whose studies on dementia and Alzheimer disease were rediscovered in 2008.

Early life and education

Fischer was born into a German-speaking family in Slaný in central Bohemia, 25 km northwest of Prague, on 12 April 1876.^[1]^[2] His father was the manager of an agricultural estate there. He completed primary and secondary education in Slaný. Then he attended the medical schools of both Prague University and Strasbourg University, and graduated from Prague University in 1900.^[1]

Career

Fischer began his career at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of German University in 1900. Next, he joined the Department of Psychiatry of the same university in 1902, and worked there until 1919.^[1] Fischer served as a physician-in-chief at the division of neurology and psychiatry of the second Garrison Hospital in Prague during World War I, and treated many soldiers who had experienced mental difficulties while fighting on the Eastern Front. After challenging and criticising German medical doctor Halbhuber, his chief at the division, Fischer was transferred to Barracks Hospital in Pardubice in eastern Bohemia and served there until the end of the war.^[1] In Pardubice, he met Franziska, his prospective wife, working as a voluntary nurse with the Red Cross. Later, they had two children, the twins Lotte and Heinz.^[1] Then he left his tenure at the German University in 1939 and opened a private office for neurology and psychiatry in Prague where he worked until 1941.^[1]

Studies on Alzheimer's disease

Fischer was a member of the Prague neuropathological school headed by Arnold Pick during his studies in German University.^[3] This school was one of the two neuropathological schools (the other one was in Munich headed by Emil Kraepelin where Alois Alzheimer worked) framed Alzheimer's disease through emprical discoveries.^[4] In fact, these schools were rivals, leading to the designation of the disease as "Alzheimer's disease"^[5] in the Emil Kraepelin's seminal book, entitled Psychiatry (1910).^[6] Because the inclusion of this disease with Alzheimer's name in the book made the Munich school superior over the Prague school.^[7]^[8]

Fischer supposedly (like Alois Alzheimer) employed new staining and autopsy results, and described "senile plaques" that are still accepted as the characteristic of the disease in addition to "neurofibrillary tangles" discovered by Alzheimer.^[4] Both Fischer and Alzheimer argued that senile plaques may be formed by microorganisms.^[9] In June 1907, Fischer based on the reports of Beljahow that had been later affirmed by Redlich and Leri argued that 'miliary necrosis' should be regarded as a marker of senile dementia.^[10] Then he published an article in 1907, reporting histopathological

findings on senile dementia collected from a sample of 16 postmortem brains from elderly subjects.^[11] The report described the brain changes at tissual and cellular levels.^[7]^[12] He developed a comprehensive structural analysis about the changes involving amyloid aggregates observed in the samples.^[13] He named these lesions as "Sphaerotrichia multiplex cerebri" and used this term in his subsequent articles published in 1910 and 1912. The samples of his studies included 58 positive cases out of total 275 cases.^[13]

Rediscovery of his studies on Alzheimer's disease

Although Fischer extensively studied and made significant contributions to the identification and description of Alzheimer's disease, his contributions were remained unknown for a long time and recognised through the studies carried out in the historical archives in Prague.^[14] On the other hand, although N. C. Berchtold and C. W. Cotman of the University of California at Irvine reported Fischer's research on the disease and the competition between the two medical schools in 1998,^[5] Fischer's studies did not become locus of interest until 2008. Michel Goedert of the MRC laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge University uncovered Fischer's significance after his study in the archives of Charles University in Prague in 2008. He also interviewed Fischer's relatives and Czech researchers studying on the disease.^[14] Pavel Kalvach of the Charles University of Prague pointed out in 2009 that Fischer made arguably even much more important contributions than Alois Alzheimer to the description of the disease.^[14]^[15] The reasons for neglecting Fischer's contributions included the nationalist tension, the anti-Semitism of his period^[14] as well as the academic competition between the Prague and Munich neuropathology schools.^[8]

Arrest by Gestapo and death

Nearly three years after the German invasion of Czechoslovakia, Fischer was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941. He was detained in Small Fortress in Terezin (Theresienstadt) in northwestern Bohemia, which was set up near Prague.^[16] He died of a heart attack at the age of 65 in the camp on 28 February 1942.^[1]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite journal|last=Goedert|first=Michel|title=Oskar Fischer and the study of dementia|journal=Brain|year=2009|volume=132|pages=1102–1111|url=http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/132/4/1102.full.pdf+html|accessdate=3 September 2012|format=Occasional Papers|doi=10.1093/brain/awn256|issue=4|pmid=18952676|pmc=2668940}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Prague: What Say You, Alois—Should It Be "Alzheimer-Fischer" Disease?|url=http://www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=2080|publisher=Alzheimer Forum|accessdate=4 September 2012|date=20 March 2009}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Scott Brady|author2=George Siegel|author3=R. Wayne Albers|author4=Donald Price|title=Basic Neurochemistry: Principles of Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Neurobiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtmUQWt4mssC&pg=PA829|accessdate=3 September 2012|date=7 December 2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-095901-6|pages=829–}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|author=Annemarie Goldstein Jutel|title=Putting a Name to It: Diagnosis in Contemporary Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEgqtrcrB-IC&pg=PA92|accessdate=3 September 2012|date=7 April 2011|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0067-9|pages=92}}
5. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Berchtold|first=N. C.|author2=C. W. Cotman|title=Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s|journal=Neurobiology of Aging|year=1998|volume=19|issue=3|pages=173–189|url=http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/116/534.pdf|accessdate=4 September 2012|doi=10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9|pmid=9661992}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Zilka|first=N.|author2=M. Novak|title=The tangled story of Alois Alzheimer|journal=Bratisl Lek Listy|year=2006|volume=107|issue=9–10|pages=343–345|url=http://www.bmj.sk/2006/107910-02.pdf|accessdate=4 September 2012}}
7. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Möller|first=H.-J.|author2=M. B. Graeber|title=The case described by Alois Alzheimer in 1911|journal=Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci|year=1998|volume=248|pages=111–122|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/8c4jad11xeuj0xka/fulltext.pdf|accessdate=5 September 2012}}
8. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Weber|first=Matthias M.|title=Aloys Alzheimer, a Coworker of Emil Kraepelin|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|year=1997|volume=31|issue=6|pages=635–645|url=http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0022395697000356/1-s2.0-S0022395697000356-main.pdf?_tid=72cba0c4-f731-11e1-954e-00000aacb361&acdnat=1346832935_eaad7f83ce2c2692065b05ba61b6d83f|accessdate=5 September 2012|doi=10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00035-6|pmid=9447568}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Miklossy|first=Judith|title=Alzheimer’s disease – a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch’s and Hill’s criteria|journal=Journal of Neuroinflammation|year=2011|volume=8|issue=90|pages=1–16|doi=10.1186/1742-2094-8-90|url=http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/pdf/1742-2094-8-90.pdf|accessdate=3 September 2012|pmid=21816039|pmc=3171359}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=The markers of the new disease|url=http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Alz_/Fuller.html|publisher=Alzheimer ADNA|accessdate=4 September 2012|date=23 June 2006}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Alzheimer’s disease: Amyloid oligomers, therapeutic agents, their targets, and mode of action|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2013/0007/pdf/KBD.pdf|work=Philipps-Universität Marburg|accessdate=7 September 2013|author=Karthikeyan Balakrishnan|format=PhD Thesis|year=2013}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Riga|first=Dan|author2=Sorin Riga |author3=Aurel Ardelean |author4=George Pribac |author5=Francisc Schneider |title=Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease. Connections with Cerebral Senescence|journal=Studia Universitatis “Vasile Goldiş”|year=2011|volume=21|issue=2|pages=251–262|url=http://www.studiauniversitatis.ro/v15/pdf/21-2011/21-2-2011/SU21-2-2011Riga.pdf|accessdate=4 September 2012}}
13. ^¹{{cite web|title=History of understanding dementia|url=http://icmhp.eu/files/filestore/ICMHP%20Programme-%20definite%205a.pdf|publisher=ICMHP|accessdate=4 September 2012|author=Pavel Kalvach|author2=Zdeněk Kalvach}}
14. ^¹²³{{cite news|title=Remembering A Forgotten Co-discoverer of Alzheimer Disease|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/145778.php|accessdate=3 September 2012|newspaper=Medical News Today|date=10 Apr 2009}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Why the name Alzheimer’s disease?|url=http://www.yesanswer.de/med/102.html|publisher=Fragen und antworten|accessdate=4 September 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Remembering a Forgotten Co-discoverer of Alzheimer Disease|url=http://www.health.am/ab/more/remembering-a-forgotten-co-discoverer-of-alzheimer-disease1/|publisher=Armenian Health Network|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=13 April 2009}}