请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Steenrod algebra
释义

  1. Cohomology operations

  2. Axiomatic characterization

  3. Ádem relations

     Bullett–Macdonald identities 

  4. Computations

     Infinite Real Projective Space  Infinite Complex Projective Space 

  5. Construction

  6. The structure of the Steenrod algebra

  7. Hopf algebra structure and the Milnor basis

  8. Relation to formal groups

  9. Algebraic construction

  10. Applications

  11. Connection to the Adams spectral sequence and the homotopy groups of spheres

  12. See also

  13. References

     Pedagogical  References 

In algebraic topology, a Steenrod algebra was defined by {{harvs|txt|last=Cartan|first=Henri|authorlink=Henri Cartan|year=1955}} to be the algebra of stable cohomology operations for mod cohomology.

For a given prime number , the Steenrod algebra is the graded Hopf algebra over the field of order , consisting of all stable cohomology operations for mod cohomology. It is generated by the Steenrod squares introduced by {{harvs|txt|last=Steenrod|first=Norman|authorlink=Norman Steenrod|year=1947}} for , and by the Steenrod reduced th powers introduced in {{harvtxt|Steenrod|1953}} and the Bockstein homomorphism for .

The term "Steenrod algebra" is also sometimes used for the algebra of cohomology operations of a generalized cohomology theory.

Cohomology operations

A cohomology operation is a natural transformation between cohomology functors. For example, if we take cohomology with coefficients in a ring, the cup product squaring operation yields a family of cohomology operations:

Cohomology operations need not be homomorphisms of graded rings; see the Cartan formula below.

These operations do not commute with suspension—that is, they are unstable. (This is because if is a suspension of a space , the cup product on the cohomology of is trivial.) Steenrod constructed stable operations

for all greater than zero. The notation and their name, the Steenrod squares, comes from the fact that restricted to classes of degree is the cup square. There are analogous operations for odd primary coefficients, usually denoted and called the reduced -th power operations:

The generate a connected graded algebra over , where the multiplication is given by composition of operations. This is the mod 2 Steenrod algebra. In the case , the mod Steenrod algebra is generated by the and the Bockstein operation associated to the short exact sequence

In the case , the Bockstein element is and the reduced -th power is .

Axiomatic characterization

{{harvs|txt|last1=Steenrod|first1=Norman|authorlink1=Norman Steenrod|last2=Epstein|first2=David B. A. |authorlink2=David B. A. Epstein|year=1962}} showed that the Steenrod squares are characterized by the following 5 axioms:
  1. Naturality: is an additive homomorphism and is functorial with respect to any so .
  2. is the identity homomorphism.
  3. for .
  4. If then
  5. Cartan Formula:

In addition the Steenrod squares have the following properties:

  • is the Bockstein homomorphism of the exact sequence
  • commutes with the connecting morphism of the long exact sequence in cohomology. In particular, it commutes with respect to suspension
  • They satisfy the Ádem relations, described below

Similarly the following axioms characterize the reduced -th powers for .

  1. Naturality: is an additive homomorphism and natural.
  2. is the identity homomorphism.
  3. is the cup -th power on classes of degree .
  4. If then
  5. Cartan Formula:

As before, the reduced p-th powers also satisfy Ádem relations and commute with the suspension and boundary operators.

Ádem relations

The Ádem relations for were conjectured by {{harvs|txt|last=Wu|first=Wen-tsün|authorlink=Wu Wenjun|year=1952}} and established by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=José Ádem|first=José|last=Ádem|year=1952}}. They are given by

for all such that . (The binomial coefficients are to be interpreted mod 2.) The Ádem relations allow one to write an arbitrary composition of Steenrod squares as a sum of Serre–Cartan basis elements.

For odd the Ádem relations are

for a<pb and

for a≤pb

Bullett–Macdonald identities

{{harvs|txt|last1=Bullett|first1=Shaun R.|last2=Macdonald|first2=Ian G.|authorlink2=Ian G. Macdonald|year=1982}} reformulated the Ádem relations as the following identities.

For put

then the Ádem relations are equivalent to

For put

then the Ádem relations are equivalent to the statement that

is symmetric in and . Here is the Bockstein operation and .

Computations

Infinite Real Projective Space

The Steenrod operations for real projective space can be readily computed using the formal properties of the Steenrod squares. Recall that

where For the operations on we know that

Using the operation

we note that the Cartan relation implies that

is a ring morphism. Hence

Since there is only one degree component of the previous sum, we have that

Construction

Suppose that is any degree subgroup of the symmetric group on points, a cohomology class in , an abelian group acted on by , and a cohomology class in . {{harvtxt|Steenrod|1953}} showed how to construct a reduced power in , as follows.

  1. Taking the external product of with itself times gives an equivariant cocycle on with coefficients in .
  2. Choose to be a contractible space on which acts freely and an equivariant map from to Pulling back by this map gives an equivariant cocyle on and therefore a cocycle of with coefficients in .
  3. Taking the slant product with in gives a cocycle of with coefficients in .

The Steenrod squares and reduced powers are special cases of this construction where is a cyclic group of prime order acting as a cyclic permutation of elements, and the groups and are cyclic of order , so that is also cyclic of order .

The structure of the Steenrod algebra

{{harvs|txt|last=Serre|first=Jean-Pierre|authorlink=Jean-Pierre Serre|year=1953}} (for ) and {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Henri Cartan|last=Cartan|first=Henri|year=1954|year2=1955}} (for ) described the structure of the Steenrod algebra of stable mod cohomology operations, showing that it is generated by the Bockstein homomorphism together with the Steenrod reduced powers, and the Ádem relations generate the ideal of relations between these generators. In particular they found an explicit basis for the Steenrod algebra. This basis relies on a certain notion of admissibility for integer sequences. We say a sequence

is admissible if for each , we have that . Then the elements

where is an admissible sequence, form a basis (the Serre–Cartan basis) for the mod 2 Steenrod algebra. There is a similar basis for the case consisting of the elements

such that

Hopf algebra structure and the Milnor basis

The Steenrod algebra has more structure than a graded Fp-algebra. It is also a Hopf algebra, so that in particular there is a diagonal or comultiplication map

induced by the Cartan formula for the action of the Steenrod algebra on the cup product.

It is easier to describe than the product map, and is given by

These formulas imply that the Steenrod algebra is co-commutative.

The linear dual of ψ makes the (graded) linear dual A* of A into an algebra. {{harvtxt|Milnor|1958}} proved, for p = 2, that A* is a polynomial algebra, with one generator ξk of degree 2k − 1, for every k, and for p > 2 the dual Steenrod algebra A* is the tensor product of the polynomial algebra in generators ξk of degree 2pk - 2 (k ≥ 1) and the exterior algebra in generators τk of degree 2pk - 1 (k ≥ 0). The monomial basis for A* then gives another choice of basis for A, called the Milnor basis. The dual to the Steenrod algebra is often more convenient to work with, because the multiplication is (super) commutative. The comultiplication for A* is the dual of the product on A; it is given by

where ξ0=1, and

if p>2

The only primitive elements of A* for p=2 are the , and these are dual to the (the only indecomposables of A).

Relation to formal groups

The dual Steenrod algebras are supercommutative Hopf algebras, so their spectra are algebra supergroup schemes. These group schemes are closely related to the automorphisms of 1-dimensional additive formal groups. For example, if p=2 then the dual Steenrod algebra is the group scheme of automorphisms of the 1-dimensional additive formal group scheme x+y that are the identity to first order. These automorphisms are of the form

Algebraic construction

{{harvtxt|Smith|2007}} gave the following algebraic construction of the Steenrod algebra over a finite field of order q. If V is a vector space over then write SV for the symmetric algebra of V. There is an algebra homomorphism

where F is the Frobenius endomorphism of SV. If we put

or

for f∈SV then if V is infinite dimensional the elements Pi generate an algebra isomorphism to the subalgebra of the Steenrod algebra generated by the reduced p′th powers for p odd, or the even Steenrod squares Sq2i for p = 2.

Applications

The most famous early applications of the Steenrod algebra to outstanding topological problems were the solutions by J. Frank Adams of the Hopf invariant one problem and the vector fields on spheres problem. Independently Milnor and Bott, as well as Kervaire, gave a second solution of the Hopf invariant one problem, using operations in K-theory; these are the Adams operations. One application of the mod 2 Steenrod algebra that is fairly elementary is the following theorem.

Theorem. If there is a map S2n - 1 → Sn of Hopf invariant one, then n is a power of 2.

The proof uses the fact that each Sqk is decomposable for k which is not a power of 2;

that is, such an element is a product of squares of strictly smaller degree.

Connection to the Adams spectral sequence and the homotopy groups of spheres

The cohomology of the Steenrod algebra is the E2 term for the (p-local) Adams spectral sequence, whose abutment is the p-component of the stable homotopy groups of spheres. More specifically, the E2 term of this spectral sequence may be identified as

This is what is meant by the aphorism "the cohomology of the Steenrod algebra is an approximation to the stable homotopy groups of spheres."

See also

  • Pontryagin cohomology operation

References

Pedagogical

  • {{Citation | last=Malkiewich | first=Cary | title=The Steenrod Algebra | url=http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~cmalkiew/steenrod.pdf | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815173103/http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~cmalkiew/steenrod.pdf | archivedate=2017-08-15 | df= }}

References

  • {{Citation | last=Ádem | first=José | authorlink=José Ádem|title=The iteration of the Steenrod squares in algebraic topology | jstor=88494 | mr=0050278 | year=1952 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | issn=0027-8424 | volume=38 | issue=8 | pages=720–726 | doi=10.1073/pnas.38.8.720| pmid=16589167 | pmc=1063640 | bibcode=1952PNAS...38..720A }}
  • {{Citation | last1=Bullett | first1=S. R. | last2=Macdonald | first2=I. G. | author2-link=Ian G. Macdonald | title=On the Adem relations | doi=10.1016/0040-9383(82)90015-5 | mr=649764 | year=1982 | journal=Topology. An International Journal of Mathematics | issn=0040-9383 | volume=21 | issue=3 | pages=329–332}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Cartan | first1=Henri | title=Sur les groupes d'Eilenberg-Mac Lane. II | jstor=88981 | mr=0065161 | year=1954 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | issn=0027-8424 | volume=40 | issue=8 | pages=704–707 | doi=10.1073/pnas.40.8.704| pmid=16589542 | pmc=534145 | bibcode=1954PNAS...40..704C }}
  • {{Citation | last1=Cartan | first1=Henri | title=Sur l'itération des opérations de Steenrod | doi=10.1007/BF02564270 | mr=0068219 | year=1955 | journal=Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici | issn=0010-2571 | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=40–58}}
  • Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Available free online from the author's home page.
  • {{eom|id=S/s087550|title=Steenrod reduced power |first=S.N.|last= Malygin|first2=M.M.|last2= Postnikov}}
  • {{eom|id=S/s087560|title=Steenrod square |first=S.N.|last= Malygin|first2=M.M.|last2= Postnikov}}
  • {{Citation | last1=May | first1=J. Peter | author1-link=J. Peter May | title=The Steenrod Algebra and its Applications (Proc. Conf. to Celebrate N. E. Steenrod's Sixtieth Birthday, Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, 1970) | chapter-url=http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/PAPERS/10.pdf | publisher=Springer-Verlag | location=Berlin, New York | series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics | doi=10.1007/BFb0058524 | mr=0281196 | year=1970 | volume=168 | chapter=A general algebraic approach to Steenrod operations | pages=153–231| isbn=978-3-540-05300-2 | citeseerx=10.1.1.205.6640 }}
  • {{Citation | last1=Milnor | first1=John Willard | author1-link=John Milnor | title=The Steenrod algebra and its dual | jstor=1969932 | mr=0099653 | year=1958 | journal=Annals of Mathematics |series=Second Series | issn=0003-486X | volume=67 | issue=1 | pages=150–171 | doi=10.2307/1969932}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Mosher | first1=Robert E. | last2=Tangora | first2=Martin C. | title=Cohomology operations and applications in homotopy theory | origyear=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFCaPwAACAAJ | publisher=Dover Publications | location=New York | isbn=978-0-486-46664-4 | mr=0226634 | year=2008}}
  • {{eom|id=S/s087500|first=Yu.B. |last=Rudyak}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Serre | first1=Jean-Pierre | author1-link=Jean-Pierre Serre | title=Cohomologie modulo 2 des complexes d'Eilenberg-MacLane | doi=10.1007/BF02564562 | mr=0060234 | year=1953 | journal=Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici | issn=0010-2571 | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=198–232}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Smith | first1=Larry | editor1-last=Hubbuck | editor1-first=John | editor2-last=Hu'ng | editor2-first=Nguyễn H. V. | editor3-last=Schwartz | editor3-first=Lionel | title=Proceedings of the School and Conference in Algebraic Topology | journal=Geom. Topol. Monogr | arxiv=0903.4997 | series=Geometry & Topology Monographs | mr=2402812 | year=2007 | volume=11 | chapter=An algebraic introduction to the Steenrod algebra | pages=327–348 | doi=10.2140/gtm.2007.11.327}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Steenrod | first1=N. E. | title=Products of cocycles and extensions of mappings | jstor=1969172 | mr=0022071 | year=1947 | journal=Annals of Mathematics |series=Second Series | issn=0003-486X | volume=48 | issue=2 | pages=290–320 | doi=10.2307/1969172}}
  • {{Citation | last1=Steenrod | first1=N. E. | title=Homology groups of symmetric groups and reduced power operations | jstor=88780 | mr=0054964 | year=1953 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | issn=0027-8424 | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=213–217 | doi=10.1073/pnas.39.3.213| pmid=16589250 | pmc=1063756 | bibcode=1953PNAS...39..213S }}
  • {{Citation | last1=Steenrod | first1=N. E. | title=Cyclic reduced powers of cohomology classes | jstor=88781 | mr=0054965 | year=1953 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | issn=0027-8424 | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=217–223 | doi=10.1073/pnas.39.3.217| pmid=16589251 | pmc=1063757 | bibcode=1953PNAS...39..217S }}
  • {{Citation | last1=Steenrod | first1=N. E. | editor1-last=Epstein | editor1-first=D. B. A. | editor1-link=David B. A. Epstein | title=Cohomology operations | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF3bt4oYZ2oC | publisher=Princeton University Press | series= Annals of Mathematics Studies | isbn=978-0-691-07924-0 | mr=0145525 | year=1962 | volume=50}}
  • {{Citation | last=Wu|first=Wen-tsün|authorlink=Wu Wenjun | title=Sur les puissances de Steenrod | publisher=La Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg | series=Colloque de Topologie de Strasbourg | mr=0051510 | year=1952 | volume=IX}}

2 : Algebraic topology|Hopf algebras
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/22 7:35:07