词条 | Otay Mountain Wilderness |
释义 |
| name = Otay Mountain Wilderness | iucn_category = V | photo = Otay Mountain Wilderness Area BLM sign.jpg | photo_caption = BLM sign on Otay Mountain Truck Trail | map = California | map_caption = Location in California | relief = yes | location = San Diego County, United States | nearest_city = Otay Mesa | coordinates = {{coord|32|35|40|N|116|50|40|W|region:US-CA_scale:200000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|16885|acre|ha}}[1] | established = {{start date|1999}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Bureau of Land Management[1][2] }} The Otay Mountain Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area located in San Diego County, California, 12 miles east of the city of Otay Mesa and just north of the Mexican border. Some parts of the wilderness area rise quickly from sea level, reaching a peak of just over {{convert|3500|feet|metres}} at the summit of Otay Mountain.[3] Wilderness status was conferred on October 7, 1998, effectively preserving 18,500 acres under protection of the Wilderness Act, a component of the National Wilderness Preservation System.[4] The legislation was signed by President Bill Clinton[5]{{rp|306}} on December 11, 1999.[6] GeographyThe wilderness lies in the San Ysidro Mountains,[3] of which Otay Mountain is the highest summit at {{convert|3566|feet|metres}}.[7] The mountain, and its immediate surroundings, are extremely rugged and include steep, often precipitous, canyon walls and hills.[8] The public lands within the Otay Mountain Wilderness are one of the last remaining pristine locations in western San Diego County. Adjacent to the Mexican border, it is internationally known for its diversity of unique and sensitive plants. The area plays a critical role in San Diego's multi-species conservation plan.[4]{{rp|306}} Natural historyThe San Ysidro Mountains are remnants of a chain of ancient volcanoes from which meta-volcanic soils form, sustaining a diverse chaparral community dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum),[9] mixed chaparral and coastal sagebrush habitats.[10] FloraThe world's largest stand of Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii) are found at Otay Mountain Wilderness, as are at least 15 plant species that are candidates for federal listing as threatened or endangered species. In all 37 plant species found on Otay Mountain are listed as sensitive by the California Native Plant Society, at least five, including the Tecate cypress, occur only on Otay Mountain or in the immediate are.[10] Particularly important species include:[9]
Endangered species[11]
Rare species[11]
FaunaThe diversity of habitats within the wilderness area maintains a variety of indigenous fauna, including a number of rare or endangered species. The most numerous large animal is the mule deer.[4]{{rp|11–12]}} Species of special concern on Otay Mountain include:[10]
Endangered species
Protected species[4]{{rp|11–12]}}
Border wallIn the mid 1990s, as part of Operation Gatekeeper,[13] Department of Homeland Security contractors began to build a border wall,[14] and associated access roads.[15] The initial phase of wall building extended from San Diego only as far as the foothills of Otay Mountain.[16] A environmental impact statement carried out prior to a waiver of an environmental law, required to allow construction within the wilderness area, concluded that the work on the border wall would have long term impacts on plant, animal and water courses within the area. Grading and construction of roads in the wilderness area would result in removal of layers of topsoil and delicate, intertwined root systems that protect dry chaparral habitat from erosion.[12] The wall itself disrupts the ability of migratory animals, like the javelina, to roam freely across its natural range.[17] In December 2008 work began to continue the wall's progress through the wilderness area,[17] under the auspices of the Secure Fence Act of 2006. See also
NotesIUCN category obtained from Protected Planet: Otay Mountain State Ecological Reserve entry. Retrieved March 2015. References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.recreation.gov/recreationalAreaDetails.do?contractCode=NRSO&recAreaId=13450 |title=Otay Mountain Wilderness, CA |publisher=recreation.gov |date=March 2015 |accessdate=March 2015}} {{Protected areas of California|SP}}2. ^Backpacker, (May 2001) Vol. 29 No. 195 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-IDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA82&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 82] Active Interest Media, Inc. ISSN 0277-867X Retrieved March 2015 3. ^1 Longmire, S. (2014) Border Insecurity: Why Big Money, Fences, and Drones Aren't Making Us Safer [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NRnSAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA62&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 62] Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|1137443731}} Retrieved March 2015 4. ^1 2 3 4 Congress (U.S.) (2004) Congressional Record, V. 144, Pt. 17, October 7, 1998 to October 9, 1998, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m5wLgC546hMC&lpg=PA24176&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA24176#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 24176] Government Printing Office. {{ISBN|0160680832}} Retrieved March 2015 5. ^Schad, J. (2007) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VQBLAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT307&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PT306#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false Afoot and Afield: San Diego County: A Comprehensive Hiking Guide] Wilderness Press. {{ISBN|0899974287}} Retrieved March 2015 6. ^Harmon, D., McManamon, F.P. & Pitcaithley, D.T. (2006) The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jvlVvQyqOAQC&lpg=PA109&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 127] University of Arizona Press. {{ISBN|0816525617}} Retrieved March 2015 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.summitpost.org/otay-mountain/451212 |title=Otay Mountain information |publisher=summitpost.org |date=July 2010 |accessdate=March 2015}} 8. ^Arnold, K.R. (Ed.) (2011) Anti-Immigration in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nS12bSVKgmoC&lpg=PA690&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 690] ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|0313375224}} Retrieved March 2015 9. ^1 Faber, P.M. (2005) California's Wild Gardens: A Guide to Favorite Botanical Sites [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IGV2Gfqm4E4C&lpg=PA194&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA194#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 194] University of California Press. {{ISBN|0520240316}} Retrieved March 2015 10. ^1 2 United States. Bureau of Land Management. California State Office California Wild!, Fish & wildlife 2000 series publication [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ECokCqWwN-MC&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false page 40-41] The Bureau. Retrieved March 2015 11. ^1 United States. Bureau of Land Management. California Desert District (1985) Preliminary Wilderness Recommendations for the Western Counties Wilderness Study (western San Diego and Western Riverside Counties), California ; Prepared by Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUHwAAAAMAAJ&dq=otay%20mountain&pg=SL201-PA10#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain&f=false Appendix A] The District. Retrieved March 2015 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.attheedges.com/border-stories/otay-mountain-wilderness/ |title=Otay Mountain Wilderness |publisher=attheedges.com |date=March 2015 |accessdate=March 2015}} 13. ^Eastman, C.L.S (2008) Civil Society on the Line: Examining the Relationship Between Media and Activist Groups Along the Arizona/Sonora Border [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjTDwAzgTWcC&lpg=PA93&dq=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&f=false page 93-94] ProQuest. {{ISBN|0549508554}} Retrieved March 2015 14. ^Azaransky, S. (2013) Religion and Politics in America's Borderlands [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WdxcF8P6cIcC&lpg=PA169&dq=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&pg=PA169#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&f=false page 169] Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0739178636}} Retrieved March 2015 15. ^Adamson, J. & Ruffin, K.N. (Eds)(2013) American Studies, Ecocriticism, and Citizenship: Thinking and Acting in the Local and Global Commons [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y3ulJo-tHbcC&lpg=PA152&dq=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=otay%20mountain%20border%20wall&f=false page 152] Routledge. {{ISBN|1135078831}} Retrieved March 2015 16. ^Tuer, D. (2005) Mining the Media Archive: Essays on Art, Technology, and Cultural Resistance [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JI5N7W5-ChsC&lpg=RA1-PT4&dq=length%20of%20border%20wall%20in%20otay%20mountain&pg=RA1-PT4#v=onepage&q=length%20of%20border%20wall%20in%20otay%20mountain&f=false page 162] YYZ Books. {{ISBN|0920397352}} Retrieved March 2015 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2009/feb/14/mz1sz14mille193035-bulldozing-nature/ |title=Bulldozing Nature |publisher=utsandiego.com |date=February 2009 |accessdate=March 2015}} 7 : Wilderness Areas of California|Protected areas of San Diego County, California|San Ysidro Mountains|South Bay (San Diego County)|Bureau of Land Management areas in California|Protected areas established in 1999|1999 establishments in California |
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