Archbishop Sava tried to stop the conflict. He most likely sympathized with Radoslav, as he was the legitimate ruler. However, to stop the conflict, which could become more serious, Vladislav was crowned king upon Radoslav's departure from Serbia.^[4] Thanks to Sava, Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II.^[2][4] Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice, Arsenije, at the end of 1233.^[2][4] Radoslav contacted Archbishop Sava, who welcomed him back to Serbia. Radoslav took monastic vows, and took the name Jovan (John). According to Teodosije, Sava did this to protect Radoslav from Vladislav.^[4] In 1235, while visiting the Bulgarian court, Sava died while on his way home from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo.^[2][4] Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests,^[2] and was then buried in the Mileševa monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234.^[2][4] Sava was canonized, and his relics were considered miraculous; his cult remained throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.^[2]

After Radoslav had returned to Serbia as a monk, the details of his relationship with Vladislav are not fully known, but he likely did not disturb Vladislav. Some even believe that Radoslav received a part of Serbia to administrate. In any case, Radoslav lived the rest of his life in peace.^[4]

Foreign policy

The Bulgarians lost Braničevo and Belgrade to Hungary in the late 1230s.^[5] Hungarian crusaders fought in Bosnia between 1235 and 1241.^[5] Serbia was never directly attacked by the Hungarians. However, the Hungarian crusaders did directly threaten Serbian Hum; they may have even occupied parts of it.^[5] In 1237, Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria attacked Hum,^[4] but it is unclear whether they attacked Serbian Hum (Eastern), or western Hum, between the Neretva and Cetina rivers, where the Serbs held no territory at the time.^[5] The northern part, which was held by Vladislav's relative, Toljen II, fell quickly, but Vladislav dispatched an army to regain the region. The crusaders were pushed to the border, and Vladislav pursued them as far as the Cetina River, but there were no major encounters.^[4] After the incident, the Serbs asserted their possession of the Hum region, and Vladislav added "Hum" to his title.^[5]

These events threatened Serbia, which had severed ties with Catholicism and was once again fully Orthodox.^[5] The marriage alliance between Vladislav and Ivan Asen II may be a result of the Hungarian threat to both of the rulers' countries.^[5] Some scholars have speculated that Vladislav accepted Bulgarian suzerainty, but this speculation has no evidence to support it,^[5] since no contemporary sources say that Vladislav recognized Asen as overlord of Serbia.^[4] However, Asen likely had the largest influence on the politics of Vladislav.^[4] Vladislav seems to have been left out of Orthodox alliance founded by Asen. Vladislav may have been afraid of close ties with Bulgaria, since his brother Radoslav's close ties with the Despotate of Epirus had caused dissatisfaction among the Serbian nobility.^[3] This shows that Vladislav was not too dependent upon Bulgaria, as he was not obliged to join the alliance; if he had recognized the suzerainty of Asen, he likely would have forced to join the alliance.^[4]

In 1237, Vladislav signed a treaty regarding trading privileges with Giovanni Dandolo, a representative of Ragusa.^[6] The treaty gave Ragusa trading privileges under the condition that Ragusa would never allow any preparation of rebellion against Serbia on their territory, as Ragusa had helped Radoslav upon his exile.^[4]

Mongol invasion

Ivan Asen II was a powerful support to Vladislav; when Asen died, there was internal unrest.^[7] Vladislav may have stopped the unrest if the Mongols had not been threatening all of Europe.^[7] Between 1206 and 1227, the Mongol leader Genghis Khan conquered territories that none before him had been able to conquer; his empire extended all over Asia and to Crimea.^[7] By 1240, all of Russia had been captured by the Mongols; Poland, Hungary, and parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia were subsequently taken.^[7] In the winter of 1241, the Mongols crossed the Danube and entered western Hungary; Béla IV could not manage to organize any resistance.^[7] All of Croatia was burned, and Kadan and Batu Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) looked for Béla IV, who was in Split at the time; Béla soon moved to Trogir, as Split was not safe.^[7] The Mongols did not attack Split, but instead unsuccessfully attacked Klis, where they had heard that Béla IV was hiding.^[7] Béla then fled to the island of Rab. The Mongols attempted to conquer the island, but their forces were hurt in naval battles; they were also forced to hurry back home to choose the new Khan after the death of Ogatay.^[7] While returning home, they crossed and devastated Serbia, Bosnia and Bulgaria.^[7][8] Although the Serbian lowland was destroyed, the Mongol attack did not have a large impact, as the population had retreated into inaccessible forests that Mongols had no will to enter.^[7] The Serbian cities of Kotor, Drivast and Svač were destroyed.^[7] The Mongol invasion brought turmoil and shock, but not any major changes; the real shock came when Asen died, which left Vladislav without significant support.^[7]

Ousting

In spring 1243, an uprising ousted Vladislav; Stefan Uroš I, his third brother, was put on the throne.^[5] Scholars have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen.^[5] If he had been alive, Asen might have prevented the coup.^[5]

The revolting nobility had thus chosen Uroš as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of Uroš.^[7] It seems that Uroš quickly captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against Uroš was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava.^[7] Beloslava spent some time exiled in Ragusa. The fact that she was the organizer of the resistance against Uroš is known from an edict dated to the summer of 1243, in which the Ragusans swore to King Uroš that they would not support Beloslava's resistance work.^[7] Since Vladislav is not mentioned anywhere, it means that he was likely imprisoned.^[7]

Fortunately, the hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled.^[7] Uroš was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, and allowed him to use the title of "king".^[7] It is not known exactly why the nobility revolted against Vladislav, nor are the details of the conflict between the two brothers.^[7]

Jireček stated that Vladislav lived his last years in Skadar.^[10] Vladislav died around 1269, and was buried in Mileševa monastery.

Personality

According to the few existing descriptions of Vladislav, it can be concluded that he was energetic, reliable, and hot-tempered.^[11]

Name, epithets and titles

The king's given name was Vladislav, while "Stefan" was a name adopted by all Nemanjić dynasty monarchs. The tradition of medieval Serbian rulers taking the name is likely connected with the Byzantine association of the martyrdom of Saint Stephen.^[12][13] The name is derived from Greek word Stephanos, meaning "crown". The tradition began with Stefan Nemanja, and continued until the last ruler of the Nemanjić dynasty.^[12] St. Stephen was the patron saint of the Serbian state and government; he was depicted on the royal seals and coins of the early Nemanjić rulers.^[14] According to Popović, the name was more of a title than name in the Serbian rulers, and according to Ćirković, the name had a special symbolical meaning to the Serbian state.^[13] In The Life of St. Sava, Vladislav is constantly mentioned as "the Faithful", "the God-Loving", "the Christ-Loving", "the Great", "the World-Loving", and is always alive and a king.^[15] In some modern sources, he is rarely mentioned as "Stefan Vladislav I" to distinguish him from the later Vladislav, son of Dragutin, who ruled Syrmia.

The introduction of Vladislav's charter says: "Stefan Vladislav, with the help and grace of God, crowned King of All Serbian and Maritime Lands", while the signature reads: "Stefan Vladislav, by the grace of God, the King and Autokrator of All Serbian and Maritime Lands".^[16] Sometimes, his signature said, "Stefan Vladislav, with the help of God, the Serbian King".^[17] In Latin documents, he was called Stephanus Vladislav, Serbiae rex (1238).^[18] He also signed himself with the expanded title of his father: "King of All Rascian Lands, and Diocletia, and Dalmatia, and Travunia, and Zachumlia".^[19] The style "Rascian lands" was used in the tutelage during the reign of Uroš I (r. 1112–1145).^[20]

When Serbian royalty was canonized, the church sometimes used their given names; examples of this include: St. Stefan Vladislav ("Св. Стефан Владислав, краљ српски"), Milutin, Stefan Uroš I, Stefan Uroš II, Urošica, and others.^[21]

Flag of Serbia

The son of King Stefan Vladislav, župan Desa, sent delegates from Kotor to Ragusa (Dubrovnik) to return items from the king's treasury; the inventory list included, among other things, "a flag of red and blue colour"^[22] ("vexillum unum de zendato rubeo et blavo" - a flag made of red and blue fabric, zendato or čenda being a type of light, silky fabric^[23]). This is the oldest existing information on the colours of the Serbian flag.^[22] Thus, the oldest known Serbian flag was red and blue.^[22]

Family

Through his marriage with Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, Stefan Vladislav had the following children:^[7]

• Stefan, who died before 1281 in Esphigmenou.
• Desa Župan, Duke of Kotor (fl. 1281–85).
• A daughter, who married Đura Kačić, the count of Omiš (fl. 1276).

See also

• Nemanjić family tree

References

Sources

• {{citation |last=Fajfrić |first=Željko |title=Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje |year=2000|origyear=1998|publisher=Tehnologije, izdavastvo, agencija Janus|location=Belgrade|url=http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/loza_nemanjica/index.html|ref=harv}}
• {{citation | last = Fine | first = John Van Antwerp | title = The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest | publisher = University of Michigan Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-472-08260-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC|ref=harv}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
• {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|year=1956|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}

Further reading

• {{citation|last=Živković|first=Tibor|year=2000|title=Kralj Vladislav i Srbija XIII veka|journal=Зборник радова са научног скупа}}