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词条 Steny Hoyer
释义

  1. Early life and education

  2. Early political career

  3. U.S. House of Representatives

     Elections  Tenure  Party leadership 

  4. Electoral history

  5. Personal life

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Steny Hoyer
| image = Steny Hoyer, official photo as Whip.jpg
| office = House Majority Leader
| 1blankname = Speaker
| 1namedata = Nancy Pelosi
| term_start = January 3, 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = Kevin McCarthy
| successor =
| 1blankname1 = Speaker
| 1namedata1 = Nancy Pelosi
| term_start1 = January 3, 2007
| term_end1 = January 3, 2011
| predecessor1 = John Boehner
| successor1 = Eric Cantor
| office2 = House Minority Whip
| leader2 = Nancy Pelosi
| term_start2 = January 3, 2011
| term_end2 = January 3, 2019
| predecessor2 = Eric Cantor
| successor2 = Steve Scalise
| leader3 = Nancy Pelosi
| term_start3 = January 3, 2003
| term_end3 = January 3, 2007
| predecessor3 = Nancy Pelosi
| successor3 = Roy Blunt
| office4 = Chair of the House Democratic Conference
| leader4 = Tom Foley
| term_start4 = June 21, 1989
| term_end4 = January 3, 1995
| predecessor4 = William Grey
| successor4 = Vic Fazio
| office5 = Vice Chair of the House Democratic Conference
| leader5 = Jim Wright
| term_start5 = January 3, 1989
| term_end5 = June 21, 1989
| predecessor5 = Mary Rose Oakar
| successor5 = Vic Fazio
| state6 = Maryland
| district6 = {{ushr|MD|5|5th}}
| term_start6 = May 19, 1981
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = Gladys Spellman
| successor6 =
| office7 = 82nd President of the Maryland Senate
| term_start7 = January 3, 1975
| term_end7 = January 3, 1978
| predecessor7 = William S. James
| successor7 = James A. Clark Jr.
| state_senate8 = Maryland
| district8 = 26th
| term_start8 = January 3, 1975
| term_end8 = January 3, 1978
| predecessor8 = Constituency established
| successor8 = Mike Donovan
| state_senate9 = Maryland
| district9 = 4C
| term_start9 = January 1967
| term_end9 = January 1975
| predecessor9 = Constituency established
| successor9 = Constituency abolished
| birth_name = Steny Hamilton Hoyer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|6|14}}
| birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = Democratic
| spouse = {{marriage|Judith (Pickett) Hoyer|1961|1997|end=died}}[1]
| children = 3
| education = University of Maryland, College Park (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
| website = {{url|hoyer.house.gov|House website}}
{{url|majorityleader.gov|Party website}}
| signature = Steny Hoyer SVG signature.svg
| residence = Mechanicsville, Maryland
}}

Steny Hamilton Hoyer ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|n|i|_|ˈ|h|ɔɪ|.|ər}}; born June 14, 1939) is an American politician serving as U.S. Representative for {{ushr|MD|5}} since 1981 and as House Majority Leader since 2019. A Democrat, he was first elected in a special election on May 19, 1981 and is currently serving in his 20th term. The district includes a large swath of rural and suburban territory southeast of Washington, D.C.. Hoyer is the dean of the Maryland Congressional delegation.

Since 2003, Hoyer has been the second ranking Democrat in the House of Representatives behind Nancy Pelosi. He is a two-time House Majority Leader, having previously served in the post from 2007 to 2011 under Speaker Pelosi.[2][3] During two periods of Republican House control (2003–2007 and 2011–2019), Hoyer served as House Minority Whip, both times under Minority Leader Pelosi. As a result of the 2018 midterm elections, in which the Democrats took control of the House, Hoyer was re-elected Majority Leader in January 2019 on the opening of the 116th Congress, remaining the number two House Democrat behind Speaker Pelosi.[4][5]

Early life and education

Hoyer was born in New York City, New York, and grew up in Mitchellville, Maryland, the son of Jean (née Baldwin) and Steen Theilgaard Høyer. His father was Danish and a native of Copenhagen; "Steny" is a variant of his father's name, "Steen",[6] and Hoyer is an anglicized form of the fairly common Danish surname "Høyer". His mother was an American, with Scottish, German, and English ancestry, and a descendant of John Hart, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.[7] He graduated from Suitland High School in Suitland, Maryland.

In 1963, he received his B.A. degree magna cum laude from the University of Maryland, College Park, where he also became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.[8] He earned his J.D. degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., in 1966.[8]

Early political career

For four years, from 1962 to 1966, Hoyer was a member of the staff of United States Senator Daniel Brewster (D-Maryland); also on Senator Brewster's staff at that time was Nancy Pelosi, who would later become a leadership colleague of Hoyer as she served as Minority Leader and Speaker of the House.[9]

In 1966, Hoyer won a newly created seat in the Maryland State Senate, representing Prince George's County-based Senate District 4C.[10] The district, created in the aftermath of Reynolds v. Sims, was renumbered as the 26th district in 1975,[8][11] the same year that Hoyer was elected President of the Maryland State Senate, the youngest in state history.[12]

From 1969 to 1971, Hoyer served as the 1st Vice President of the Young Democrats of America.[13]

In 1978, Hoyer sought the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland as the running mate of then acting Governor Blair Lee III, but lost out to Samuel Bogley 37%–34%.[14] In the same year, Hoyer was appointed to the Maryland Board of Higher Education, a position he served in until 1981.[8]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

Fifth District Congresswoman Gladys Spellman fell into a coma three days before the 1980 election. She was reelected, but it soon became apparent that she would never regain consciousness, and Congress declared her seat vacant by resolution in February 1981. Hoyer narrowly won a crowded seven-way Democratic primary, beating Spellman's husband Reuben by only 1,600 votes. He then defeated a better-funded Republican, Audrey Scott, in the May 19 special election by 56%-44%, earning himself the nickname of "boy wonder".[15][16][17] In the 1982 general election, Hoyer won reelection to his first full term with 80% of the vote.[18] He has only faced one relatively close contest since then, when he defeated future Governor of Maryland Larry Hogan with just 55% of the vote in 1992.[19] His second worst performance was his 1996 bid against Republican State Delegate John Morgan, when he won reelection with 57% of the vote.[20] Hoyer has been reelected 14 times with no substantive opposition, and is the longest-serving House member from southern Maryland ever.[12]

Tenure

Domestic issues
  • Social Issues: Hoyer is pro-choice on abortion rights.[21] He voted against the Partial-Abortion ban bill in 2003. Hoyer supports affirmative action and LGBT rights.
  • Gun Rights: He is rated F by the NRA, indicating a pro-gun-control voting record.
  • Privacy: In 2008, Hoyer said he opposed providing immunity to telecom companies, but then negotiated a bill, described by Senators Patrick Leahy and Russ Feingold as a "capitulation", that would provide immunity to any telecom company[22] that had been told by the Bush administration that their actions were legal.[23][24][25][26] "No matter how they spin it, this is still immunity," said Kevin Bankston, a senior lawyer for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a privacy rights group that has sued over President Bush's wiretapping program. "It's not compromise, it's pure theater."[27]
  • Health Care: In a 2009 USA Today opinion piece regarding healthcare reform, Steny Hoyer wrote that "Drowning out opposing views is simply un-American."[28]
  • Taxes: In June 2010, Hoyer brought up the idea that Congress would extend only temporarily middle-class tax cuts that were set to expire at the end of the year, suggesting that making them permanent would cost too much. President Obama wanted to extend them permanently for individuals making less than $200,000 a year and families making less than $250,000.[29]
Foreign issues
  • India: Hoyer supports civilian nuclear cooperation with India.[30]
  • Iraq: Hoyer initially supported the Iraq War and was even recognized by the DLC for his vocal leadership on this issue. After the war became publicly unpopular, Hoyer said he favored a "responsible redeployment".[31] However, he has repeatedly supported legislation to continue funding for the war without deadlines for troop withdrawal, most recently in return for increased funding of domestic projects.[32]
  • Israel: Hoyer is a supporter of Israel, and has often been allied with American Israel Public Affairs Committee. In September 2007, he criticized Rep. Jim Moran for suggesting that AIPAC "has pushed (the Iraq) war from the beginning", calling the comment "factually inaccurate".[33] In January 2017, Hoyer voted for a House resolution condemning the UN Security Council Resolution 2334, which called Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories a flagrant violation of international law and a major obstacle to peace.[34]
  • Iran: Hoyer has stated that a nuclear Iran is "unacceptable" and that the use of force remains an option.[35]
  • Human Rights: Hoyer is a former chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
  • Syria: Hoyer supports former President Obama's call for authorizing limited but decisive military action in response to the Assad regime's alleged use of chemical weapons.
Legislation

On February 28, 2014, Hoyer introduced the bill To amend the National Law Enforcement Museum Act to extend the termination date (H.R. 4120; 113th Congress) into the United States House of Representatives.[36] The bill would extend until November 9, 2016, the authority of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a nonprofit organization, to construct a museum on federal lands within the District of Columbia honoring law enforcement officers.[37]

Fundraising

Hoyer is a prolific fundraiser for House Democrats. He has been the top giver to fellow party members in the House. In the 2008 election cycle, he contributed more than $1 million to the party and individual candidates as of July 14, 2008.[38]

Party leadership

Hoyer has served as chair of the Democratic Caucus, the fourth-ranking position among House Democrats, from 1989 to 1994; the former co-chair (and a current member) of the Democratic Steering Committee; and as the chief candidate recruiter for House Democrats from 1995 to 2000. He also served as Deputy Majority Whip from 1987 to 1989.[8]

When David E. Bonior resigned as Minority Whip in early 2002, Hoyer ran but lost to Nancy Pelosi. After the 2002 midterm elections, Pelosi ran to succeed Dick Gephardt as Minority Leader, leaving the Minority Whip post open again.[39] On November 14, 2002, Hoyer was unanimously elected by his colleagues in the Democratic Caucus to serve as the Minority Whip, the second-highest-ranking position among House Democrats.[12]

Pelosi became the Speaker of the House in January 2007. Hoyer was elected by his colleagues to be House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress, defeating John Murtha of Pennsylvania by a vote of 149-86 within the caucus, despite Pelosi endorsing Murtha.[2][40] Hoyer is the first Marylander to become Majority Leader.[41] and became the highest-ranking federal lawmaker in Maryland history.[12] In this post, Hoyer was the floor leader of the House Democrats and ranked second in the leadership after the Speaker who is the actual head of the majority party in the house.

The day after the 2010 midterm elections in which the Democrats lost control of the House, Hoyer had a private conversation with Pelosi and stated that he would not challenge her bid for Minority Leader (for Pelosi to remain Democratic House Leader).[42] He ran for minority whip, but was challenged by outgoing Majority Whip Jim Clyburn (the top House Democrats wanted to remain in the leadership, but the minority party in the House has one less position). Hoyer is moderate while Pelosi and Clyburn are more liberal, and a significant number of Hoyer's would-be supporters in the House who were moderate and conservative Democrats had been defeated for reelection.[43][44][45] The Congressional Black Caucus backed Clyburn, while 30 House Democrats have supported Hoyer, and Hoyer has also raised money and campaigned for many candidates.[46][47] Hoyer received further support from outgoing Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Howard L. Berman, Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank, and outgoing Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Henry A. Waxman[48] Pelosi intervened in the contest by supporting Hoyer as Minority Whip, while creating an "Assistant Leader" position for Clyburn which would keep him as the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Pelosi and Hoyer (the existing "Assistant to the Leader" post formerly held by Chris Van Hollen is not officially part of the House leadership and was directly appointed by the Minority Leader).[49][50]

Hoyer and the DCCC have been criticized for picking their preferred candidates through an undemocratic process. In 2018, it was reported that Hoyer sought to alter the outcome of the primary race in Colorado's 6th congressional district. Hoyer was recorded urging progressive candidate Levi Tillemann to drop out of the race. Hoyer acknowledged that the DCCC had already identified its choice candidate and discouraged a candid discussion about his weaknesses.[51] On November 28, 2018, Hoyer was selected to return as House Majority Leader.[4][5]

Electoral history

[52][53]{{s-start}}		 Year Office Election Subject Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes %
|-
|1981
|Congress, 5th district
|Special
||
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |42,573
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |55.81
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Audrey Scott
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |33,708
|{{party shading/Republican}} |44.19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1982
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |83,937
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |79.58
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |William Guthrie
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |21,533
|{{party shading/Republican}} |20.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1984
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |116,310
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |72.18
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John Ritchie
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |44,839
|{{party shading/Republican}} |27.82
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1986
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |82,098
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |81.93
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John Sellner
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |18,102
|{{party shading/Republican}} |18.07
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1988
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |128,437
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |78.63
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John Sellner
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |34,909
|{{party shading/Republican}} |21.37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1990
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |84,747
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |80.66
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Lee Breuer
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |20,314
|{{party shading/Republican}} |19.34
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1992
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |113,280
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |55.0
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Larry J. Hogan, Jr.
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |92,636
|{{party shading/Republican}} |45.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1994
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |98,821
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |58.81
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Donald Devine
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |69,211
|{{party shading/Republican}} |41.19
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1996
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |121,288
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |56.92
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |John S. Morgan
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |91,806
|{{party shading/Republican}} |43.08
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|1998
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |126,792
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |65.37
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Robert Ostrom
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |67,176
|{{party shading/Republican}} |34.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2000
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |166,231
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |65.09
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Thomas Hutchins
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |89,019
|{{party shading/Republican}} |34.86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2002
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |137,903
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |69.27
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Joseph Crawford
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |60,758
|{{party shading/Republican}} |30.52
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2004
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |204,867
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |68.67
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Brad Jewitt
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |87,189
|{{party shading/Republican}} |29.93
|
|{{party shading/Green}} |Bob Auerbach
|{{party shading/Green}} |Green
|{{party shading/Green}} |4,224
|{{party shading/Green}} |1.42
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2006
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |168,114
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |82.69
|
|{{party shading/Green}} |Steve Warner
|{{party shading/Green}} |Green
|{{party shading/Green}} |33,464
|{{party shading/Green}} |16.46
|
|Write Ins: P.Kuhnert and Other
|| 635
||1,110
||0.86
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2008
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |253,854
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |73.6
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Collins Bailey
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |82,631
|{{party shading/Republican}} |24.0
|
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Darlene Nicholas
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Libertarian
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |7,829
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |2.3
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2010
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |143,620
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |64.3
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Charles Lollar
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |79,122
|{{party shading/Republican}} |35.6
|
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |H. Gavin Shickle
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Libertarian
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |2,399
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |1.1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2012[54]
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |238,618
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |69.4
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Tony O'Donnell
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |95,271
|{{party shading/Republican}} |27.7
|
|{{party shading/Green}} |Bob Auerbach
|{{party shading/Green}} |Green
|{{party shading/Green}} |5,040
|{{party shading/Green}} |1.5
|
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Arvin Vohra
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Libertarian
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |4,503
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |1.3
|-
|2014[55]
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |144,725
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |64.0
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Chris Chafee
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |80,752
|{{party shading/Republican}} |35.7
|
|Write-ins
|
|563
|0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2016[56]
|Congress, 5th district
|General
||
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Steny Hoyer
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |Democratic
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |242,989
|{{party shading/Democratic}} |67.4
|
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Mark Arness
|{{party shading/Republican}} |Republican
|{{party shading/Republican}} |105,931
|{{party shading/Republican}} |29.4
|
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Jason Summers
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |Libertarian
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |11,078
|{{party shading/Libertarian}} |3.1
|
|Write-ins
|
|606
|0.2{{s-end}}

Personal life

Hoyer has three daughters, Anne, Susan, and Stefany from his marriage to Judy Pickett Hoyer, who died of cancer in February 1997.[1] In 2012, after Hoyer announced his support of same-sex marriage, his daughter Stefany Hoyer Hemmer came out as a lesbian in an interview with the Washington Blade.[57]

His wife was an advocate of early childhood education, and child development learning centers in Maryland have been named in her honor ("Judy Centers").[58] She also suffered from epilepsy, and the Epilepsy Foundation of America sponsors an annual public lecture in her name.[59] Hoyer, too, has been an advocate for research in this area, and the Epilepsy Foundation presented him in 2002 with their Congressional Leadership Award.[60]

Hoyer serves on the Board of Trustees for St. Mary's College of Maryland[8] and is a member of the board of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, a nonprofit that supports international elections.[61] He is also an Advisory Board Member for the Center for the Study of Democracy.[62]

In July 2018, Hoyer was hospitalized at George Washington University Hospital for pneumonia.[63][64]

References

1. ^1 {{cite news |first1=Fred |last1=Rasmussen |title=Judith Hoyer, 57, school official, congressman's wife |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-02-07-1997038129-story.html |accessdate=March 25, 2019 |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=February 7, 1997}}
2. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/11/17/corrected--democrats-defy-pelosi-elect-hoyer-house-leader/|title=Corrected - Democrats defy Pelosi, elect Hoyer House leader|work=Toronto Star|agency=Reuters|date=November 16, 2006|accessdate=June 18, 2018|first1=Thomas|last1=Ferraro|first2=Richard|last2=Cowan}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2006/11/hoyer-beats-out-murtha-for-majority.html|title=Hoyer beats out Murtha for majority leader|author=Alexander Mooney|department=CNN Political Ticker|work=CNN|date=November 16, 2006|accessdate=2006-11-16}}
4. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/steny-hoyer-elected-house-majority-leader |title=Steny Hoyer Elected House Majority Leader |first1=Lindsey |last1=McPherson |date=November 28, 2018 |work=Roll Call}}
5. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-hoyer-majority-leader-20181128-story.html |title=Democrats select Maryland's Steny Hoyer to return as U.S. House majority leader; Pelosi nominated for speaker |first=Jeff |last=Barker|work=The Baltimore Sun |date=November 28, 2018}}
6. ^Jessica Valdez. "For Hoyer, a Balancing of Roles" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114081352/http://www.democraticwhip.house.gov/in_the_news/articles/index.cfm?pressReleaseID=838 |date=2006-11-14 }}. The Washington Post. August 28, 2004.
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/reps/hoyer.htm |title=Steny Hoyer ancestry |website=Ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 "Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat), U.S. Representative. Maryland Archives. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/15/AR2006111501521.html|title=Pelosi Splits Democrats With Push For Murtha|author=Jonathan Weisman and Lois Romano|work=The Washington Post|date=November 16, 2006|accessdate=2006-11-16}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/senate/html/legis4sen.html|title=Maryland Senate, Legislative District 4, 4A, 4B, 4C|website=msa.maryland.gov}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=113038|title=Our Campaigns - MD State Senate 26 Race - Nov 05, 1974|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
12. ^1 2 3 Biography of Congressman Steny Hoyer {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114005046/http://hoyer.house.gov/About/ |date=2006-11-14 }}. From the official website of Steny Hoyer. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
13. ^{{cite web|title=Past Officers « YDA – Young Democrats of America|url=http://www.yda.org/about/past-officers/|website=Young Democrats of America|accessdate=15 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105210611/http://www.yda.org/about/past-officers/|archivedate=5 November 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27954|title=Our Campaigns - MD Lt. Governor - D Primary Race - Sep 12, 1978|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
15. ^Shailagh Murray [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601524.html "Political Pragmatism Carried Hoyer to the Top"]. The Washington Post, page A6. Friday, November 17, 2006.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=439802|title=Our Campaigns - MD District 5 - Special D Primary Race - Apr 07, 1981|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27957|title=Our Campaigns - MD - District 5 - Special Election Race - May 19, 1981|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27958|title=Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Nov 02, 1982|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27962|title=Our Campaigns - MD District 5 Race - Nov 03, 1992|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1199|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - Steny H. Hoyer|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://ontheissues.org/House/Steny_Hoyer.htm |title=Steny Hoyer on the Issues |work=On The Issues |accessdate=2008-06-17}}
22. ^{{cite news |title=House Prepares to Debate New Surveillance Law |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/25280929 |accessdate=December 5, 2018 |work=CNBC |agency=Associated Press |date=June 20, 2008}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2007/10/steny_hoyer_says_some_strong_words_against_telecom_immunity.php |title=Steny Hoyer Says Some Strong Words Against Telecom Immunity |first=Greg |last=Sargent |department=Election Central |work=Talking Points Memo |accessdate=2008-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407221456/http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2007/10/steny_hoyer_says_some_strong_words_against_telecom_immunity.php |archivedate=2008-04-07 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://democrats.com/wiretapping-impeachment-not-immunity |title=Wiretapping: Impeachment Not Immunity |author=Bob Fertik |website=Democrats.com |accessdate=2008-06-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618215322/http://www.democrats.com/wiretapping-impeachment-not-immunity |archivedate=2008-06-18 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2008/6/18/133218/573/108/537903 |title=Hoyer: I've lost all control |author=Kagro X |work=DailyKos |accessdate=2008-06-18}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/06/17/hoyer/index.html|title=Targeting Steny Hoyer for his contempt for the rule of law |author=Glenn Greenwald |website=Salon.com |accessdate=2008-06-19}}
27. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/washington/20fisacnd.html?hp |work=The New York Times |title=Deal Reached in Congress to Rewrite Rules on Wiretapping |first=Eric |last=Lichtblau |date=June 20, 2008 |accessdate=May 24, 2010}}
28. ^{{cite news|first1=Nancy |last1=Pelosi |first2=Steny |last2=Hoyer |url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/08/unamerican-attacks-cant-derail-health-care-debate-.html |title='Un-American' attacks can't derail health care debate |work=USA Today |date=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=August 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118013320/http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/08/unamerican-attacks-cant-derail-health-care-debate-.html |archivedate=January 18, 2010 }}
29. ^{{cite web|agency=Associated Press |title=Hoyer: Permanent middle class tax cuts too costly |work=WEAR-TV |date=2010-06-22 |url=http://www.weartv.com/template/inews_wire/wires.national/320c69a5-weartv.com.shtml |accessdate=2010-06-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615083551/http://www.weartv.com/template/inews_wire/wires.national/320c69a5-weartv.com.shtml |archivedate=June 15, 2011 }}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Roll Call 541 {{!}} Bill Number: H. R. 5682|url=https://clerkpreview.house.gov/Votes/2006541?Page=1&RollCallNum=541&Date=12%2F08%2F2006|website=Office of the Clerk|publisher=U.S. House of Representatives|accessdate=April 27, 2018|date=December 8, 2006}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://hoyer.house.gov/newsroom/index.asp?ID=943|title=Rep. Steny Hoyer :: newsroom|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070725190656/http://hoyer.house.gov/newsroom/index.asp?ID=943|archivedate=2007-07-25|df=}}
32. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/07/AR2007120702550_2.html?hpid=topnews |work=The Washington Post |title=Hill Close To Deal on War Funds |first1=Jonathan |last1=Weisman |first2=Paul |last2=Kane |date=December 8, 2007 |accessdate=May 24, 2010}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/news/13051-hoyer-takes-aim-at-morans-aipac-comment|title=Hoyer takes aim at Moran's AIPAC comment|work=The Hill|accessdate=September 19, 2007|first=Mike|last=Soraghan|date=September 18, 2007}}
34. ^{{cite news |title=House votes to rebuke UN on Israeli settlement resolution |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/312956-house-votes-to-rebuke-un-vote-on-israel |work=The Hill |date=January 5, 2017}}
35. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Democrats-Nuclear-Iran-unacceptable|title=Democrats: Nuclear Iran unacceptable |work=The Jerusalem Post |date= January 7, 2007 |accessdate= January 8, 2007 |first=Hillary Leila |last=Krieger}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=H.R. 4120 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4120/all-actions/||website=Congress.gov|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=30 April 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=CBO - H.R. 4120|url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/45283|website=Congressional Budget Office|accessdate=28 April 2014}}
38. ^{{cite news |title=Hoyer Is a Giver |work=Congressional Quarterly |date=July 14, 2008 |url=http://www.cq.com/document/display.do?dockey=/cqonline/prod/data/docs/html/news/110/news110-000002916307.html@allnews&pub=news&print=true}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/05/hoyer-has-won-contested-leadership-races |work=Fox News |title=Hoyer has won contested leadership races before - FoxNews.com |date=November 5, 2010}}
40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/congress.new.leader/|title=CNN: Scramble is on to replace Congressional leaders|date=November 9, 2006|work=CNN|accessdate=2006-11-09}}
41. ^About the Majority Leader {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115074025/http://democraticleader.house.gov/about_the_whip/about_steny_hoyer/bio.cfm |date=2007-01-15 }}, Office of the House Democratic Majority Leader,
42. ^{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Patricia|url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/11/03/nancy-pelosi-has-no-regrets-following-midterm-rout/|title=Nancy Pelosi Has 'No Regrets' Following Midterm Rout|department=The Capitolist|work=Politics Daily|date=3 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233827/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/11/03/nancy-pelosi-has-no-regrets-following-midterm-rout/|archivedate=4 November 2010|deadurl=yes|df=}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2010/11/steny-hoyer-james-clyburn-democratic-leadership-/1 |work=USA Today |first=Catalina |last=Camia |title=Democrats Hoyer, Clyburn fight for leadership post |date=November 8, 2010}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/11/hire_hoyer.html |work=The Washington Post |title=Hire Hoyer}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2010/11/08/hoyer-clyburn-an-impromptu-leadership-fight/ |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Patrick |last=O'Connor |title=Hoyer, Clyburn: An Impromptu Leadership Fight |date=November 8, 2010}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/11/high-profile-dems-back-hoyer-in-whip-race.php|title=High Profile Dems Back Hoyer In Whip Race|publisher=}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/darcy-burner/the-progressive-case-for_b_779979.html |work=Huffington Post |first=Darcy |last=Burner |title=The Progressive Case for Steny Hoyer as Minority Whip |date=May 25, 2011}}
48. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/09/AR2010110906587.html |work=The Washington Post |first=Paul |last=Kane |title=In race for whip, Hoyer gets liberals' support |date=November 10, 2010}}
49. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-13/pelosi-heads-off-democratic-leadership-fight-backs-hoyer-for-no-2-post.html |work=Bloomberg |first=James |last=Rowley |title=Pelosi Heads Off Democratic Leadership Fight, Backs Hoyer for No. 2 Post |date=November 13, 2010}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1110/45077.html|title='Assistant leader' for Clyburn|publisher=}}
51. ^{{cite news |last=Fang |first=Lee |date=April 26, 2018 |title=SECRETLY TAPED AUDIO REVEALS DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP PRESSURING PROGRESSIVE TO LEAVE RACE |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/04/26/steny-hoyer-audio-levi-tillemann/?link_id=1&can_id=1ba27d10330c5ba97dcdb8dc6623001a&source=email-secret-audio-of-steny-hoyer&email_referrer=email_343049&email_subject=secret-audio-of-steny-hoyer |work=The Intercept |access-date=April 26, 2018 }}
52. ^Congressional Quarterly Voting and Elections Collection {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216220556/http://library.cqpress.com/ |date=February 16, 2016 }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27957 |title=MD - District 5 - Special Election Race - May 19, 1981 |website=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2010-08-23}}
54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.state.md.us/elections/2012/results/general/gen_results_2012_4_00805.html |title=Official 2012 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress |author= |date=November 28, 2012 |work= |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |accessdate=December 27, 2012}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://elections.state.md.us/elections/2014/results/General/gen_results_2014_2_00805.html |title=Official 2014 Gubernatorial General Election results for Representative in Congress |author= |date=December 2, 2014 |work= |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |accessdate=October 18, 2015}}
56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.state.md.us/elections/2016/results/general/gen_results_2016_4_008X.html |title=Official 2016 Presidential General Election results for Representative in Congress |author= |date=December 9, 2016 |work= |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |accessdate=May 26, 2017}}
57. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/maryland-politics/post/steny-hoyers-daughter-comes-out-as-a-lesbian/2012/06/06/gJQAxSvLJV_blog.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Ben | last=Pershing | title=Steny Hoyer's daughter comes out as a lesbian | date=June 6, 2012}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.judycenter.com/|title=The Judy Center website|accessdate=November 18, 2006|dead-url=no|archive-date=March 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301050058/http://www.judycenter.com/|df=mdy-all}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/epilepsyusa/appropriations.cfm?renderforprint=1&|title=Epilepsy Foundation announcement of Judith Hoyer lectureship program|date=January 28, 2002|accessdate=November 18, 2006|website=Epilepsy Foundation|archive-date=October 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028163608/http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/epilepsyusa/appropriations.cfm?renderforprint=1&}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutus/pressroom/n031502a.cfm|title=Epilepsy Foundation Recognizes the Honorable Steny H. Hoyer For Longstanding Support|date=March 26, 2002 |website=Epilepsy Foundation |accessdate=November 18, 2006 |archive-date=December 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214050627/http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutus/pressroom/n031502a.cfm}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ifes.org/who-we-are/board |title=Board |website=International Foundation for Electoral Systems |year=2018 |accessdate=July 5, 2018 }}
62. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.smcm.edu/democracy/the-people/advisory-board/|title=Advisory Board - Center for the Study of Democracy|work=Center for the Study of Democracy|access-date=July 6, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=April 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427115949/http://www.smcm.edu/democracy/the-people/advisory-board/}}
63. ^{{cite news|first=Jamie|last=Ehrlich|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/04/politics/steny-hoyer-hospital-pneumonia/index.html|title=Steny Hoyer admitted to hospital, diagnosed with pneumonia|work=CNN|date=July 4, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018}}
64. ^{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Schwartzman|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/maryland-rep-steny-hoyer-hospitalized-with-pneumonia/2018/07/04/777d5fce-7fbe-11e8-b0ef-fffcabeff946_story.html|title=Maryland Rep. Steny Hoyer Hospitalized with Pneumonia|work=The Washington Post|date=July 4, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018}}

External links

{{commons}}
  • Congressman Steny Hoyer official U.S. House website
  • [https://www.majorityleader.gov Office of the Majority Leader] Steny Hoyer
  • {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Maryland/Government/Federal/US_House_of_Representatives/Steny_H._Hoyer_%5BD-5%5D}}
  • {{CongLinks |congbio=h000874 |votesmart=26890 |fec=H2MD05155 |congress=steny-hoyer/566 }}
  • {{C-SPAN|Steny Hoyer}}
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21 : 1939 births|21st-century American politicians|American people of Danish descent|American people of English descent|American people of German descent|American people of Scottish descent|Baptists from Maryland|Baptists from New York (state)|Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives|Georgetown University Law Center alumni|Living people|Maryland Democrats|Maryland lawyers|Maryland state senators|Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland|People from Mitchellville, Maryland|People from St. Mary's County, Maryland|Politicians from New York City|Presidents of the Maryland State Senate|St. Mary's College of Maryland|University of Maryland, College Park alumni

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