| 词条 | Oxitec |
| 释义 |
| name = Oxitec | industry = Biotechnology, Pest Control{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} | founded = Oxford, United Kingdom ({{start date|2002}}) | key_people = {{ublist | Luke Alphey (Founder)}} | parent = Intrexon Corporation {{URL|dna.com}} | website = {{URL|oxitec.com}} }} Oxitec (orig. Oxford Insect Technologies) is a British biotechnology company which develops genetically modified insects to assist in insect control. The company develops methods for control of insect populations, in which genetically modified insects are used as a "living insecticide". Thereby, insects which transmit disease to humans or which occur as pests in agriculture are controlled without the use of insecticides. According to the company, this method of population control is more effective than insecticides and more environmentally friendly.[1] The method has similarities to sterile insect technique.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} HistoryOxitec was founded in 2002 by Luke Alphey and David Kelly working with Oxford University's Isis Innovation technology transfer company.[2][3][4][5] In August 2015 Oxitec was purchased by U.S.-based Intrexon in a deal valued at $160 million.[6][7][8] OX5034, a new generation of Oxitec's gene drive mosquitoes began field trials on May 23, 2018 in Indaiatuba, a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The trial was to cover 2,000 residents to suppress A. aegypti.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} OX5034 male offspring survive, allowing additional mating cycles that further reduce the pest population. This function is time-limited. In subsequent generations fewer and fewer males pass on their self-limiting genes. OX5034 males were expected to disappear from the environment 10 generations after releases stop.[9]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Transgenic yellow fever mosquitoOxitec is working to develop a genetically modified version of Aedes aegypti to help control the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases.[10][11] Oxitec created genetically altered males of the species (OX513A) that produce the protein tTA, which negatively affects cell development. The transgenic animals need the antibiotic tetracycline to survive. If these animals are released in large numbers and mate with females, antibiotic dependence is passed to the next generation and the offspring die. Thus, the Aedes aegypti population is greatly reduced and thereby the risk for the people in that region of contracting a mosquito-born disease.[12][13] In 2017 Oxitec was developing a genetically modified version of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.[14]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Field trialsFirst field trials were performed on Grand Cayman, the largest island of the Cayman Islands, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, starting in 2009. Approximately 3.3 million of the transgenic male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were released. The experiments demonstrated that the animals were able to survive in this environment and produce offspring. Some eleven weeks after the release, a decline in the A. aegypti mosquito population by about 80% was observed. Larger-scale releases could result in higher reductions. The tests were deemed a success by scientists but criticism emerged over communication policy.[15] In May 2016 Grand Cayman announced a program to use Oxitec mosquitoes to combat the virus. The first phase informed the community about the programme. The next phase treated an area with about 1,800 residents in West Bay and 88% less Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs were found compared to an equivalent untreated area.[16][17][18]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In 2011 another field test took place in Brazil in cooperation with the company Moscamed and the University of São Paulo, in which transgenic A. aegypti mosquitoes were released in large numbers and the mosquito population declined by 80–95%.[19][20] More field trials were carried out in Malaysia and Panama.[21][22] Another field trial was planned in Florida in 2016, but was cancelled.[23][24] In 2016 the World Health Organization encouraged field trials of transgenic male A. aegypti mosquitoes to try to halt the spread of the Zika virus.[25]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In November 2018, only months after the Cayman Islands signing another agreement with Oxitec, Oxitec has been ordered out of the Cayman Islands amid complaints of the now flourishing mosquito population and fears of the wild Aedes aegypti, the dangerous mosquito that spreads dengue fever, Zika and chikungunya.[26] RegulationOX513A was approved by Brazil's National Biosecurity Technical Commission (CTNBio) in April 2014.[27] It was used to try to combat the Zika in f Piracicaba, São Paulo in 2016.[28]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Brazil’s health-regulatory agency, Anvisa, declared on 12 April 2016 that it would regulate Oxitec’s mosquitoes. Anvisa announced that it was creating a legal framework for regulations. It requested Oxitec to demonstrate that its technology was safe and could reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses.[29]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} The Netherlands agreed to release Oxitec’s genetically modified mosquitoes to fight dengue fever, chikungunya and zika in Saba, a Dutch Caribbean island, after a report by The National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)[30] examined the effects that these mosquitoes could have in the local ecosystem and concluded the release of the mosquitoes would not pose risks to human health or the environment. The French High Council for Biology supported (with caution) Oxitec mosquito releases.[31]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} See also
References1. ^The Oxitec approach. Oxitech 2. ^{{cite news |last=Cookson|first=Clive|date=23 April 2015|title=‘Lethal gene’ to combat malaria relies on laws of attraction|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/958ab872-d3cd-11e4-99bd-00144feab7de.html#axzz3atyfLVTI|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=22 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Solon|first=Olivia|date=25 April 2012|title=Oxford academics tentatively embrace startup culture|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-04/24/silicon-spires|newspaper=Wired UK|access-date=22 May 2015}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://innovation.ox.ac.uk/news/oxford-spinout-oxitec-sold-to-intrexon-corporation-for-160-million/|title=Oxford spinout Oxitec sold to Intrexon Corporation for $160 million|website=Oxford University Innovation|access-date=2019-01-17}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-08-10-biotech-spin-out-be-sold-160-million-0|title=Biotech spin-out to be sold for $160 million {{!}} University of Oxford|website=www.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-17}} 6. ^{{cite news |last=Nickel|first=Rod|date=15 September 2015|title=Market turbulence or not, North American investors plow into farm tech|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/15/us-agriculture-tech-investment-idUSKCN0RF2FU20150915|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=9 October 2015}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://innovation.ox.ac.uk/news/oxford-spinout-oxitec-sold-to-intrexon-corporation-for-160-million/|title=Oxford spinout Oxitec sold to Intrexon Corporation for $160 million|website=Oxford University Innovation|access-date=2019-01-17}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-08-10-biotech-spin-out-be-sold-160-million-0|title=Biotech spin-out to be sold for $160 million {{!}} University of Oxford|website=www.ox.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-17}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.oxitec.com/oxitec-launches-field-trial-in-brazil-for-next-generation-addition-to-friendly-mosquitoes-platform/|title=Oxitec Launches Field Trial in Brazil for Next Generation Addition to Friendly™ Mosquitoes Platform - Oxitec|date=2018-05-25|work=Oxitec|access-date=2018-07-13|language=en-US}} 10. ^{{cite news |last=Free|first=Stephen|date=16 May 2015|title=Can genetically modified mosquitoes curb Dengue fever?|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/can-quick-dying-genetically-modified-mosquitos-save-florida-keys-disease/|newspaper=PBS NewsHour|access-date=22 May 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Jennings|first=Christian|date=28 April 2015|title=Mosquitoes Really Do Prefer Some People to Others, Say Scientists|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2015/05/01/mosquitoes-really-do-prefer-some-people-others-say-scientists-326114.html|newspaper=Newsweek|access-date=22 May 2015}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Subbaraman|first=Nidhi|date=2011-01-01|title=Science snipes at Oxitec transgenic-mosquito trial|url=http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n1/full/nbt0111-9a.html|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=9–11|doi=10.1038/nbt0111-9a|issn=1087-0156|pmid=21221085}} 13. ^Julia Paoli: Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Pave the Way for Dengue Fever Prevention, Nature Publishing Group, 15 September 2014 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-genetically-engineered-mosquitoes-will-save-lives-kwc8nmwh5|title=How genetically engineered mosquitoes will save lives|last=Rufford|first=Nick|date=2017-08-27|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}} 15. ^Nidhi Subbaraman: Science snipes at Oxitec transgenic-mosquito trial. In: Nature Biotechnology 29, 2011, S. 9–11. 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2017/01/26/editorial-taking-a-swat-at-caymans-mosquitoes/|title=Taking a swat at Cayman’s mosquitoes|last=|first=|date=2017-01-26|website=Cayman Compass|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-09-01}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxitec.com/grand-cayman-use-oxitec-solution-suppress-wild-aedes-aegypti/|title=Press Release: Grand Cayman will use Oxitec solution to suppress wild Aedes aegypti, the dangerous mosquito that spreads dengue, Zika and chikungunya, in an effort to help eliminate these diseases {{!}} Oxitec|website=www.oxitec.com|access-date=2016-05-07}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2017/06/15/islandwide-gm-mosquito-release-approved/|title=Islandwide GM mosquito release approved|last=Whittaker|first=James|date=2017-06-15|website=Cayman Compass|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-09-01}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Carvalho|first1=Danilo|title=Suppression of a Field Population of Aedes aegypti in Brazil by Sustained Release of Transgenic Male Mosquitoes|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=2 July 2015|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003864|display-authors=etal|pmid=26135160|pmc=4489809|volume=9|pages=e0003864}} 20. ^Michael Specter: Can genetic modification eliminate a deadly tropical disease? The New Yorker, 9 July 2012 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Oxitec_GWbrief_Mar15.pdf |title=Oxitec’s Genetically Modified Mosquitoes: A Credible Approach to Dengue Fever? |date=March 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxitec.com/panama-trial-begins/|title=Panama trial begins|publisher=}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary/developmentapprovalprocess/geneticengineering/geneticallyengineeredanimals/ucm446529.htm|title=Genetically Engineered Animals - Oxitec Mosquito|last=|first=|date=2017-02-05|website=US Food and Drug Administration; Animal and Veterinary|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-09-01}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) In Support of an Investigational Field Trial of OX513A Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes|url=http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM487379.pdf|publisher=US FDA|accessdate=14 March 2016|date=March 2016}} 25. ^{{cite news|last1=Kelland|first1=Kate|title=WHO backs trials of genetically modified mosquitoes to fight Zika|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/who-backs-trials-of-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-to-fight-zika/article29297605/|accessdate=19 March 2016|publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=18 March 2016}} 26. ^https://www.caymanmarlroad.com/forum/breaking-news/oxitec-out-gm-mosquito-program-halted 27. ^Tracy Thompson: Oxitec’s solution for controlling the dengue mosquito is approved by CTNBio. Oxitech, 11 April 2014 28. ^{{cite news|last1=Pollack|first1=Andrew|title=New Weapon to Fight Zika: The Mosquito|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/business/new-weapon-to-fight-zika-the-mosquito.html?_r=0|accessdate=16 March 2016|publisher=New York Times|date=30 January 2016}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/news/why-transgenic-insects-are-still-not-ready-for-prime-time-1.19804|title=Why transgenic insects are still not ready for prime time|last=Lopes|first=Reinaldo Jose|date=22 April 2016|website=Nature News & Comment|access-date=2016-04-22}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rivm.nl/en/Documents_and_publications/Scientific/Reports/2017/juli/Technical_evaluation_of_a_potential_release_of_OX513A_Aedes_aegypti_mosquitoes_on_the_island_of_Saba|title=Technical evaluation of a potential release of OX513A Aedes aegypti mosquitoes on the island of Saba|last=Glandorf|first=DCM|date=6 July 2017|website=National Institute of Public Health and the Environment|access-date=2017-07-10}} 31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://labiotech.eu/genetically-modified-mosquitoes-oxitec-netherlands/|title=Update: France and the Netherlands deem Oxitec's GM Mosquitoes Safe|last=Fernandez|first=Clara Rodriguez|date=2017-07-12|work=Labiotech|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}} External links
9 : 2002 establishments in England|Biotechnology companies established in 2002|Biotechnology companies of the United Kingdom|Companies based in Oxfordshire|Companies associated with the University of Oxford|Insect-borne diseases|Pest control|Science and technology in Oxfordshire|Vale of White Horse |
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