| 词条 | Stephen Benton Elkins |
| 释义 |
|name = Stephen Elkins |image = Stephen Benton Elkins Restore.jpg |jr/sr = United States Senator |state = West Virginia |term_start = March 4, 1895 |term_end = January 4, 1911 |predecessor = Johnson N. Camden |successor = Davis Elkins |office1 = 38th United States Secretary of War |president1 = Benjamin Harrison |term_start1 = December 17, 1891 |term_end1 = March 5, 1893 |predecessor1 = Redfield Proctor |successor1 = Daniel S. Lamont |state2 = New Mexico |district2 = {{ushr|New Mexico Territory|AL|at-large}} |term_start2 = March 4, 1873 |term_end2 = March 3, 1877 {{small|Delegate}} |predecessor2 = José Manuel Gallegos |successor2 = Trinidad Romero |birth_name = Stephen Benton Elkins |birth_date = {{birth date|1841|9|26}} |birth_place = New Lexington, Ohio, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1911|1|4|1841|9|26}} |death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S. |party = Republican |spouse = Sarah Jacobs Hallie Davis |education = Masonic College University of Missouri, Columbia {{small|(BA)}} |allegiance = {{flag|United States}} {{*}}Union |branch = {{army|United States}} {{*}}Union Army |rank = Captain |battles = American Civil War }} Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841{{spaced ndash}}January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and political figure. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893. He served in the United States Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a Senator from West Virginia. BiographyEarly lifeStephen Benton Elkins was born on September 26, 1841 near New Lexington, Ohio and moved with his family to Westport, Missouri (now part of Kansas City) in the mid-1840s to Philip Duncan Elkins and Sarah Pickett Withers. He attended the Masonic College in Lexington, Missouri in the 1850s, and graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1860. After graduation, he briefly taught school in Cass County, Missouri. Among his pupils was future James-Younger Gang member Cole Younger.[1] Civil WarIn the American Civil War Elkins' father and brother joined the Confederate Army under Sterling Price, but he joined the Union Army. Before he joined the Union Army he was to encounter Quantrill's Raiders twice and was spared from being killed because of his father and brother. He noted: They marched me along and we got to Quantrill's camp. There I saw Cole Younger, Dick Yager and George M. Todd, and several others afterward known for desperate deeds. Those I have mentioned were farmers' sons around where I lived. They identified me and said: Here comes Steve Elkins. All the way along I had been afraid that those fellows who had captured me would shoot me in the back, for I had on the watch which I am carrying now in the office of the secretary of war.[2] Elkins entered the Union Army as a captain of militia in the 77th Missouri Infantry. He served under Kersey Coates and only saw action once in the Battle of Lone Jack, which he said filled him with disgust for war. Elkins noted that his good fortune of being protected by Quantrill matched a fear of being butchered by Quantrill for becoming a Union soldier as Quantrill's Raiders were thought to be present at the battle. Foster thought the Confederates were the guerrilla hands who raised the black flag, and never gave any quarter. So he refused to surrender, and every one of his officers was picked off. The guerrillas were victorious. I went over the battlefield afterward, the blood, the cries for water and death, the naked bodies stripped of their clothing, the dead horses which served for ramparts, gave me a disgust for war, which makes it seem strange that I am here at the head of the war department of this great government.[3] Elkins and Foster from the Lone Jack Battle were to argue for a pardon for Younger following his conviction in the Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery (Younger had rescued Foster from execution by Quantrill's Raiders in the battle). New MexicoHe entered the practice of law at Mesilla, New Mexico, and was elected to the territorial legislature in 1864 and 1865. He was appointed territorial district attorney for a term from 1866 to 1867. It was at this time, on June 10, 1866, that he married his first wife Sarah Simms Jacobs. In 1867, Elkins served as attorney general of the territory and later as U.S. district attorney from 1867 to 1870. He was elected territorial delegate to the U.S. Congress in 1872, and reelected in 1874, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 4, 1877. In 1875, he met and married his second wife, Hallie Davis, and continued to practice law. He founded and was president of the Santa Fe National Bank, and pursued broad business interests in land, rail, mining, and finance including president of the massive Maxwell Land Grant Company.[4] In attempting to evict "squattors" (legitimate land grant heirs) from the Land Grant he would be accused of being part of the Santa Fe Ring. Along with his brother in law, Thomas B. Catron, Elkins participated in what would become the largest land speculation conspiracy in U.S. history. Using his influence on politicians such as congressmen, territorial judges, and U.S. Surveyors General, Elkins was able to patent Spanish and Mexican land grants in his name, thereby illegally including himself as a legitimate heir to the grants. By collectively representing opposing parties in land disputes, Elkins and Catron effectively manipulated territorial government policy to illegally partition Spanish and Mexican land grants, a direct violation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. West VirginiaElkins married Hallie Davis, daughter of Senator Henry G. Davis of West Virginia, in 1875. He became a citizen of West Virginia in 1878 and began developing oil, coal, and timber industries with his father-in-law. They partnered to form the Davis Coal and Coke Company. Stephen and Hallie built their home, Halliehurst, in Randolph County, and the town of Elkins was established nearby.[5] New York architect Charles T. Mott designed the house. It was given by his widow along with surrounding property to Davis and Elkins College and is now part of the college's campus. It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and also is a contributing property in the Davis and Elkins Historic District. Secretary of WarElkins served as Secretary of War in the Benjamin Harrison administration from December 17, 1891 to March 5, 1893.[6] Amongst his goals were that the rank of lieutenant general be revived, and also that noncommissioned officers receive higher pay to improve the quality of the service. He also broadened the intelligence functions of the Division of Military Information. U.S. SenatorAfter his service as Secretary, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1895, serving the state of West Virginia, and was re-elected twice. In the Senate, he held the positions of chairman of the Committee on the Geological Survey (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-ninth Congresses), and of member of the Committee on Interstate Commerce (Fifty-seventh through Sixty-first Congresses). Elkins served as Senator until his death in Washington, D.C. in 1911, and is interred in Maplewood Cemetery of Elkins, West Virginia.[7] LegacyStephen Benton Elkins is the namesake of Elkins, West Virginia.[8] See also{{Portal|United States Army|American Civil War}}
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Leslie|first=Edward|title=The Devil Knows How to Ride|year=1996|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=0-679-42455-5|pages=103–104}} {{CongBio|E000110}} Retrieved on 2008-10-192. ^{{cite book|title=Centennial History of Missouri|author=Walter Barlow Stevens|year=1921|publisher=The S. J. Clarke publishing company|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1ExqwyW-4C&pg=PA629&lpg=PA629&dq=%22emory+s+foster%22+pdf&source=web&ots=eoMkdiTb3E&sig=m7RdI2XSOhP-Upf3L2YSURFIXo0#PPA630,M1}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Centennial History of Missouri|author=Walter Barlow Stevens|year=1921|publisher=The S. J. Clarke publishing company|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1ExqwyW-4C&pg=PA629&lpg=PA629&dq=%22emory+s+foster%22+pdf&source=web&ots=eoMkdiTb3E&sig=m7RdI2XSOhP-Upf3L2YSURFIXo0#PPA630,M1}} 4. ^ 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Spears|first1=Jae|title=Stephen B. Elkins|url=http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/2199|website=e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=ELKINS, Stephen Benton, (1841 - 1911)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000110|website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Elkins, Stephen Benton (1841-1911)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000110|website=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=24 October 2016}} 8. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=117}}
External links
from New Mexico's at-large congressional district|years=2007–2013}}{{s-aft|after=Trinidad Romero}} |-{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=Redfield Proctor}}{{s-ttl|title=United States Secretary of War|years=1891–1893}}{{s-aft|after=Daniel S. Lamont}} |-{{s-par|us-sen}}{{s-bef|before=Johnson N. Camden}}{{s-ttl|title=U.S. Senator (Class 1) from West Virginia|years=1895–1911|alongside=Charles James Faulkner, Nathan B. Scott}}{{s-aft|after=Davis Elkins}} |-{{s-bef|before=Shelby Cullom}}{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the Senate Interstate Commerce Committee|years=1901–1911}}{{s-aft|after=Moses E. Clapp}}{{s-end}}{{USSecWar}}{{USSenWV}}{{SenCommerceCommitteeChairmen}}{{NewMexicoUSRepresentatives}}{{Benjamin Harrison cabinet}}{{USCongRep-start | congresses= 54th–61st United States Congress | state= West Virginia}}{{USCongRep/WV/54}}{{USCongRep/WV/55}}{{USCongRep/WV/56}}{{USCongRep/WV/57}}{{USCongRep/WV/58}}{{USCongRep/WV/59}}{{USCongRep/WV/59/2}}{{USCongRep/WV/60}}{{USCongRep/WV/61}}{{USCongRep-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Elkins, Stephen Benton}} 28 : 1841 births|1911 deaths|American bank presidents|American city founders|American energy industry executives|American schoolteachers|Benjamin Harrison administration cabinet members|Businesspeople from West Virginia|Davis and Elkins family|Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from New Mexico Territory|District attorneys in New Mexico|Members of the New Mexico Territorial Legislature|New Mexico Attorneys General|Union Army officers|United States Secretaries of War|United States Senators from West Virginia|United States Attorneys for the District of New Mexico|People from Elkins, West Virginia|People from Perry County, Ohio|People of Missouri in the American Civil War|Republican Party United States Senators|University of Missouri alumni|West Virginia Republicans|New Mexico Republicans|Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives|19th-century American politicians|Educators from Ohio|Davis & Elkins College |
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