| 词条 | Pacific Alliance |
| 释义 |
|name = Pacific Alliance |native_name = Alianza del Pacífico |image_flag = |alt_flag = |symbol_type = Emblem |image_symbol = Alianza del Pacífico-Logo.PNG |alt_symbol = |symbol_width = 120px |motto = |image_map = PacificAlliance.svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Dark green: Full members. |org_type = Trade bloc |membership = | Member states | {{flagcountry|Chile}} |{{flagcountry|Colombia}} |{{flagcountry|Mexico}} |{{flagcountry|Peru}} }} {{unbulleted list| Associate members[1] |title = 4 states | {{flagcountry|Australia}}[2] |{{flagcountry|Canada}} |{{flagcountry|New Zealand}} |{{flagcountry|Singapore}}{{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 54 observer states | {{flagcountry|Argentina}}[3]|{{flagcountry|Austria}} |{{flagcountry|Belarus}} |{{flagcountry|Belgium}} |{{flag|Cambodia}} (in the process of becoming a full member) |{{flagcountry|China}} |{{flagcountry|Costa Rica}} (in the process of becoming a full member) |{{flagcountry|Croatia}}|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}|{{flagcountry|Denmark}} |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{flag|East Timor}} (in the process of becoming a full member) |{{Flag|Ecuador}} |{{flagcountry|Egypt}}|{{flag|El Salvador}} |{{flag|Finland}} |{{flag|France}} |{{flag|Georgia}}[4] |{{flag|Germany}} |{{flag|Greece}} |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{flag|Haiti}} |{{flag|Honduras}} |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Indonesia}} |{{flag|Israel}} |{{flag|Italy}} |{{flag|Japan}} |{{flag|Laos}} (in the process of becoming a full member) |{{flagcountry|Lithuania}} |{{flag|Morocco}} |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{flag|Norway}} | |{{flag|Panama}} (in the process of becoming a full member) |{{Flag|Paraguay}} |{{Flag|Poland}} |{{flag|Portugal}}| |{{flagcountry|Romania}}|{{flagcountry|Serbia}} | {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}|{{flagcountry|Slovenia}} |{{flag|South Korea}} |{{flag|Spain}} |{{flag|Sweden}} |{{flag|Switzerland}} |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |{{flag|Turkey}} | {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |{{flag|United States}} |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |admin_center_type = |admin_center = |languages_type = Official languages |languages = Spanish |leader_title1 = President pro tempore |leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Peru}} Martin Vizcarra |established = 6 June 2012 |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area_km2 = 5144603 [5] |population_estimate = 218,536,683 |population_estimate_year = 2016 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |GDP_PPP_rank = 6 |GDP_PPP = $3.754 trillion |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,911 |GDP_nominal_rank = 8 |GDP_nominal = $2.228 trillion |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10,703 |Gini_year = |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = |HDI = |HDI_ref = |time_zone = |utc_offset = |official_website = alianzapacifico.net/en |footnote_a = Combined census estimates of member states. }} The Pacific Alliance ({{lang-es|link=no|Alianza del Pacífico}}) is a Latin American trade bloc, formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, which all border the Pacific Ocean. These countries have come together to form an area of integration with the purpose of ensuring complete freedom in the movement of goods, services, capital, and people. Together, these four countries have a combined population of 210 million people and about 35% of the region's GDP. HistoryOn 28 April 2011, former president of Peru Alan García organized a meeting with the presidents of Chile at the time, the Republic of Colombia and Mexico. This group of political leaders issued the Declaración de Lima, a statement of intent to establish the Pacific Alliance.[6] The initial goal of the alliance was to further free trade with "a clear orientation toward Asia", and economic integration.[7] As mentioned before, the four founding nations of the Pacific Alliance represent nearly 35% of Latin American GDP. If counted as a single country this group of nations would be the sixth strongest economy in the whole world with a PPP GDP of more than US$3 trillion.[8] According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the countries of the Pacific Alliance together exported about $445 billion in 2010, almost 60% more than Mercosur, the other predominant Latin American trade bloc. Individually and collectively, the core countries of the Pacific Alliance have been deemed "The Pacific Pumas" by political scientists, for their model of economic and political development.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} At the VII Pacific Alliance Summit in Cali, Colombia, on May 22, 2013, Costa Rica signed a trade agreement with Colombia, and later in the summit received approval for full membership from all the founding members.[9] Costa Rica is finishing up the process so it can be readily incorporated as the Alliance's fifth member. At the same summit seven observers were admitted: the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Honduras, Paraguay, Portugal, among others.[10] The Pacific Alliance currently has 54 observer states as of 2017, including economic heavyweights such as Japan, China, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Indonesia, as well as three of the five Southern Common Market (Mercosur) countries and a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA).[11] Analysts describe the Pacific Alliance as a tool to practise a kind of joint “nation-branding” to promote trade and investment and to enhance the international status and visibility of the member states.[12] ProjectsIn addition to reducing trade barriers, the Pacific Alliance has begun several other projects for regional integration, including visa-free tourist travel,[13] a common stock exchange, and joint embassies in several countries. Trade liberalizationIn May 2016, the Pacific Alliance removed 92% of tariffs on goods traded between members.[13] Based on a 2013 agreement, the rest of the tariffs will be removed by 2020.[14] Mercado Integrado LatinoamericanoThe Mercado Integrado Latinoamericano (MILA) originally integrated the stock markets of Colombia (Colombia Stock Exchange), Chile (Santiago Stock Exchange), and Peru (Lima Stock Exchange), and is seen as a foundation for the Alliance's economic integration. These three stock markets began their integration in November 2010; this made it Latin America's largest market according to number of issuers, the second by market capitalization, and the third by turnover. The Mexican Stock Exchange began the process of incorporation into MILA and its full incorporation was expected by the year 2014. The Mexican Stock Exchange took the step of acquiring a total of 3.79 million shares of the Lima Stock Exchange (BVL), equivalent to 6.7% of the shares of Series A of that market.[15] This is part of an agreement for a strategic partnership in order to develop joint business activities and development of the stock markets of Peru and Mexico, and eventually complete integration into MILA. The Mexican Stock Exchange met the timeframe and announced the first trade made as part of MILA on 2 December 2014.[16] The trade on MIILA was a $1,415 purchase of 200 shares in Chilean retailer Falabella, executed by GBM Mexico through GBM Chile.[16] With the entry of Mexico into MILA, the integrated stock market now counts 780 issuers among the four countries, making it the biggest market by number of listed companies in Latin America, and the biggest in terms of market capitalization, according to the World Federation of Exchanges.[16] The joint capitalization of the four bourses tops US$1.25 trillion, making it larger than the US$1.22 trillion BM&F Bovespa.[15] {{multiple image| align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago.jpg | width1 = 207 | caption1 = {{flagicon|Chile}} Santiago Stock Exchange, Chile | image2 = BVC Bogota.jpg | width2 = 177 | caption2 = {{flagicon|Colombia}} Colombia Stock Exchange | image3 = MexicoCityStockExchange02.jpg | width3 = 185 | caption3 = {{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexican Stock Exchange | image4 = Bolsalima.jpg | width4 = 200 | caption4 = {{flagicon|Peru}} Lima Stock Exchange, Peru }} Joint diplomatic missionsAmong the more important agreements that have been reached is the creation of joint diplomatic missions (embassies, consulates, etc.) that will provide citizens of Pacific Alliance member states with needed diplomatic services. The Declaration of Cali highlights the importance of the opening of an embassy shared between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru in Ghana, as well as the agreement between Chile and Colombia to share embassies in Algeria and Morocco and between Colombia and Peru to share an embassy in Vietnam. The Declaration of Cali encourages these countries to move forward on these initiatives. In November 2014 Mexico opened its first trade office in Africa; located in Casablanca and shared with the other Pacific Alliance members.[17] ExpansionAs of July 2018, there are 55 observer states of which two are candidate countries, in process of full membership, which are the Central-American countries of Costa Rica and Panama. Canada has also been mentioned as a candidate to join the alliance, and called a "natural fit" by Mexico's vice-minister of foreign affairs, Sergio Alcocer.[22] It has free-trade agreements with the four founding members, and has been encouraged by regional leaders to join the alliance. However the Canadian government has yet to upgrade its observer status to observer-candidate as it is still determining whether or not to become a member.[18][19]Costa Rica began the process of joining on 10 February 2014 at the eighth summit of the Alliance in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, when President Laura Chinchilla signed a protocol at a plenary session finalizing the decision to join the alliance.[20] The country has since postponed its incorporation into the alliance indefinitely, pending consultations by its presidential economic council.[21]Ecuador has been critical of the alliance in conjunction with other leaders of ALBA,[22] but its president, Rafael Correa, has also speculated on a possible future bid if integration advances in areas other than trade.[23]Guatemala has expressed concrete interest in joining the Pacific Alliance and is pursuing trade deals with current members as a precursor to a possible membership application.[10]Panama has expressed interest in joining the Alliance,[24] and is an official observer-candidate according to the website.[25] Panama has already signed trade deals with Colombia, Peru and Chile, and reached an agreement with Mexico to sign a free-trade deal in March 2014.[26] While fulfilling most of the criteria to enter in the alliance,[27] the country has so far refused to commit itself to full membership.[28]Paraguay, a founding member of Mercosur and observer of the Pacific Alliance, has begun pursuing free-trade deals with current members as a precursor to a possible membership application.[29] Paraguay was suspended from Mercosur following the impeachment of Fernando Lugo, although Paraguay asked Mercosur to lift the sanction. After the election and inauguration of Horacio Cartes, Paraguay has so far claimed "Paraguay would not abandon Mercosur", but assured it will seek to join the alliance.[30] The government has said it is reportedly considering joining the Pacific Alliance in addition to rejoining Mercosur.[29][31]U.S. Vice President Joe Biden expressed that the United States was willing to join the Pacific Alliance as an observer on May 23, 2013, in Bogotá, Colombia, during a bilateral meeting with Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos.[32]Argentine President Mauricio Macri, during his campaign and in press conferences after the election, has expressed his desire to bring his country closer to the Pacific Alliance and also work on integration between the bloc and his country's trade bloc Mercosur.[33]Uruguay has been encouraged to join the alliance by existing members Peru and Colombia, and is reportedly considering the possibility of accession.[34]Honduras officially applied for formal membership in October 2016, with the vocal support of Chile.[35]Members{{Supranational American Bodies|align=right|size=350px}}The following countries are full members, in the process of becoming full members or observers. Full members
Associate members
Observers
See also
References1. ^{{cite news|title=La Alianza del Pacífico abre sus puertas a Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Singapuro|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2017/06/29/colombia/1498757603_324130.html|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 2. ^https://alianzapacifico.net/en/paises/#observer-countries 3. ^{{cite news|title=Perú dijo que Argentina es bienvenida a la Alianza del Pacífico|url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/94174/|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 4. ^https://twitter.com/GeorgiaGeneva/status/623530234684534784 5. ^Corresponds to the terrestrial surface. Including the Exclusive Economic Zones of each member state, the total area is 13 729 753 km². 6. ^{{cite web|title=Antecedentes|url=http://alianzapacifico.net/que_es_la_alianza/antecedentes/|work=Alianza del Pacífico|publisher=Alianza del Pacífico|author=Alianza del Pacifico|language=Spanish|quote=El 28 de abril de 2011, los Jefes de Estado de Chile, Colombia, México y Perú acordaron en la Declaración de Lima, establecer la Alianza del Pacífico con el objetivo de "avanzar progresivamente hacia la libre circulación de bienes, servicios, capitales y personas".}} 7. ^{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/pacific-alliance-unites-mexico-colombia-peru-and-chile-economies-1st-step-dropping-visas/2012/06/06/gJQAe2vtJV_story.html |title=Pacific Alliance unites Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile economies; 1st step: dropping visas |publisher=The Washington Post |date=31 July 2011 |accessdate=2012-06-07}} 8. ^List of countries by GDP (PPP) 9. ^https://news.yahoo.com/lightbox/colombias-president-santos-signs-fta-costa-rican-counterpart-photo-040600110.html 10. ^1 {{cite web|last=Wyss|first=Jim|title=Costa Rica and Guatemala move closer to joining Pacific Alliance bloc|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/23/3413506/costa-rica-and-guatemala-move.html|work=Miami Herald|publisher=Miami Herald Media Co.|accessdate=7 October 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|author=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/the-pacific-alliance-nation-branding-through-regional-organisations |title=The Pacific Alliance: Nation-Branding through Regional Organisations |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |date=15 August 2016 |accessdate=2016-08-16}} 12. ^{{cite web|author=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/the-pacific-alliance-nation-branding-through-regional-organisations |title=The Pacific Alliance: Nation-Branding through Regional Organisations |publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies |date=15 August 2016 |accessdate=2016-08-16}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance: Whither the Relationship?|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/mercosur-and-the-pacific-alliance-whither-the-relationship|website=Wilson Center|date=3 August 2016}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|title=How deep is their love?|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21646273-pacific-alliance-great-brand-search-shared-product-how-deep-their-love|website=The Economist|quote="They signed an agreement in 2013 to abolish tariffs on 92% of merchandise trade, with the remainder to be freed by 2020. They have scrapped tourist visa requirements for each others' citizens..."}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|author= Peter Kohli|title= The Andean Exchange: A Developing Market Opportunity In Our Backyard| url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/the-andean-exchange-a-developing-market-opportunity-in-our-backyard-cm331968#ixzz3OKW48vfz |publisher=Nasdaq |accessdate=9 January 2015}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web|author= Jude Webber|title= Mexico exchange names Sacristán as new head| url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4ef088e4-7a43-11e4-a8e1-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3OKK1KxiZ |publisher=Financial Times |accessdate=9 January 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/11/27/mexico-opens-1st-trade-office-in-africa/ |title=Mexico opens 1st trade office in Africa |publisher=Fox News Networks |accessdate= November 28, 2014}} 18. ^1 {{cite web|last=Clark|first=Campbell|title=Canada called ‘a natural fit’ for Pacific Alliance|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-called-a-natural-fit-for-pacific-alliance/article12032919/|work=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=8 October 2013|date=20 May 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|last=Scoffield|first=Heather|title=Harper says it's 'too early' to decide whether to join Pacific Alliance|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/harper-says-it-s-too-early-to-decide-whether-to-join-pacific-alliance-1.1293172|work=The Canadian Press|publisher=Bell Media|accessdate=8 October 2013|date=23 May 2013}} 20. ^Costa Rica firma la hoja de ruta para su adhesión a la Alianza del Pacífico La Nación, 2014-02-10. {{es}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=Gerardo Ruiz|first=Ramón|title=Costa Rica posterga su ingreso a la Alianza del Pacífico|url=http://www.nacion.com/economia/politica-economica/Costa-Rica-posterga-Alianza-Pacifico_0_1494250608.html|work=La Nación|publisher=La Nación|accessdate=26 July 2015|date=17 Jun 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web|last=Romero|first=Maria Teresa|title=Pacific Alliance Offers Hope for Latin American Collaboration|url=http://panampost.com/maria-teresa-romero/2013/10/18/the-pacific-alliance-offers-hope-for-latin-american-collaboration/|work=PanAm Post|publisher=AMTG Solutions|accessdate=21 October 2013|date=18 October 2013}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Ecuador’s Correa pondering whether to join Mercosur or the Pacific Alliance|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/07/31/ecuador-s-correa-pondering-whether-to-join-mercosur-or-the-pacific-alliance|work=MercoPress|publisher=South Atlantic News Agency|accessdate=7 October 2013|author=MercoPress|date=31 July 2013}} 24. ^{{cite web|author=Economist|title=Latin American geoeconomics: A continental divide|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21578056-region-falling-behind-two-alternative-blocks-market-led-pacific-alliance-and|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=28 May 2013}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Observer Countries|url=http://alianzapacifico.net/en/paises/paises-observadores/|work=Pacific Alliance website|publisher=Pacific Alliance|accessdate=13 November 2013}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Panamá y México sellan Tratado de Libre Comercio|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2014/03/25/950419|work=Excelsior|date=18 March 2014}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Panama Nears Trade Deal with Mexico: Next Stop, Pacific Alliance|url=http://panampost.com/marcela-estrada/2014/03/24/panama-nears-trade-deal-with-mexico-next-stop-pacific-alliance/|work=PanAm post|date=24 March 2014}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Panamá, cada vez más cerca de la Alianza del Pacífico|url=http://laestrella.com.pa/economia/panama-cada-cerca-alianza-pacifico/23874322|work=La Estrella de Panamá|date=22 June 2015}} 29. ^1 {{cite web|title=Paraguay advancing on trade agreement with Mexico, previous to requesting Pacific Alliance membership|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/08/02/paraguay-advancing-on-trade-agreement-with-mexico-previous-to-requesting-pacific-alliance-membership|work=MercoPress|publisher=South Atlantic News Agency|accessdate=21 October 2013|author=MercoPress|date=2 August 2013}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Paraguay Talking Trade with Mexico, US, Pacific Alliance|url=http://www.namnewsnetwork.org/v3/read.php?id=MjM4OTMz|work=NAM News Network|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement News Network|accessdate=21 October 2013|author=NAM News Network|author2=Mercopress|date=7 July 2013}} 31. ^{{cite web|last=Kenneally|first=Ivan|title=Mercosur, Pacific Alliance Battle Over Paraguay|url=https://www.sourcingjournalonline.com/mercosur-pacific-alliance-battle-over-paraguay/|work=Sourcing Journal|publisher=Hertsman Media Group|accessdate=21 October 2013|date=3 August 2013}} 32. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. willing to join Pacific Alliance as observer: Biden|url=http://english.sina.com/world/2013/0527/594123.html|work=sina English|publisher=SINA|accessdate=21 October 2013|author=Xinhua English|date=28 May 2013}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=La política exterior de Macri|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/andres-oppenheimer-es/article45412167.html}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Uruguay: Montevideo Considering Joining Pacific Alliance Trade Bloc|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/uruguay-montevideo-considering-joining-pacific-alliance-trade-bloc|website=Stratfor Worldview|publisher=Stratfor Enterprises, LLC.|accessdate=10 July 2017}} 35. ^{{cite news|title=Chile y Honduras estrechan relaciones con visita de canciller|url=http://prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=35256&SEO=chile-y-honduras-estrechan-relaciones-con-visita-de-canciller|accessdate=10 July 2017|agency=Prensa Latina|publisher=Agencia Informativa Latinoamericana Prensa Latina|date=20 October 2016|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710004218/http://prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=35256&SEO=chile-y-honduras-estrechan-relaciones-con-visita-de-canciller|archivedate=10 July 2017|df=dmy-all}} 36. ^https://alianzapacifico.net/en/paises/#observer-countries 37. ^http://www.minutouno.com/notas/1465217-la-integracion-argentina-la-alianza-del-pacifico-debe-darse-el-mercosur 38. ^[https://alianzapacifico.net/en/consejo-de-ministros-de-la-alianza-del-pacifico-sesiono-en-mexico-para-ultimar-detalles-de-la-proxima-cumbre-de-jefes-de-estado/] 39. ^[https://alianzapacifico.net/en/consejo-de-ministros-de-la-alianza-del-pacifico-sesiono-en-mexico-para-ultimar-detalles-de-la-proxima-cumbre-de-jefes-de-estado/] 40. ^[https://alianzapacifico.net/en/consejo-de-ministros-de-la-alianza-del-pacifico-sesiono-en-mexico-para-ultimar-detalles-de-la-proxima-cumbre-de-jefes-de-estado/] External links
5 : Regionalism (international relations)|Organizations based in Latin America|International organizations of the Americas|Organizations established in 2012|2012 in South America |
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