| 词条 | Pact for Mexico |
| 释义 |
The Pact for Mexico is a national political agreement signed on December 2, 2012 in the Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City by the president of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto, as well as Gustavo Madero Muñoz, the president of the National Action Party; Cristina Díaz, the acting chair of the Institutional Revolutionary Party; and Jesús Zambrano Grijalva, chair of the Party of the Democratic Revolution. The Green Party of Mexico joined as a signatory to the agreement on January 28, 2013.[1] The pact's framework is composed of 95 public policy proposals based on three guiding principles:
The pact is divided into 5 parts: Vision, Agreements, National Budget Agreements 2013, Work Method, and Commitments for the Reforms.[3] SigningThe signing of the Pact for Mexico was held on December 2, 2012, one day after the inauguration of the Peña Nieto administration. At the official ceremony held at Chapultepec Castle, guests other than the main signatories included Jesús Murillo Karam, president of the Chamber of Deputies; Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, president of the Senate of the Republic; the parliamentary coordinators of the various parties of the houses of the Congress of the Union; members of the Mexican Executive Cabinet; state governors; the head of government for the federal district; and the leaders of the Green Party.[4] AgreementsThe Pact contains five major agreements on different topic areas. These major agreements in turn contain individual agreements that all together add up to 95 commitments. Achieving a Society of Rights and FreedomsThis first section of the Pact deals with agreements on proposals to address economic and educational inequality, as well as Mexico's positions on human rights. AddendumOn May 7, 2013, Peña Nieto and the leaders of the three largest national political parties – César Camacho Quiroz of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, Gustavo Madero Muñoz of the National Action Party, and Jesús Zambrano Grijalva of the Party of the Democratic Revolution – signed an addendum to the Pact with two parts containing eleven additional proposals.[5] ResultsThe Pact has so far resulted in the passage of an education reform bill, a legal reform bill, and a telecom reform bill.[6] An energy bill was also completed[7] after the Party of the Democratic Revolution left the Pact in November 2013.[8] Education ReformIn February 2013, education reform outlined in the Pact for Mexico and written into the Official Journal of the Federation entered into force. The February reforms included laying out the composition, selection, and governance processes of Mexico's national education evaluation system, as well as introducing a competitive process for the hiring, promotion, recognition, and tenure of teachers, principals, and administrators and declared that all previous appointments that did not conform to the procedures were null.[9] ReviewsThe Pact has been lauded in The Christian Science Monitor as breaking down difficult parliamentary gridlock and leading to needed reforms.[10][11][12] Shortly after the Pact was announced, it was criticized as "seek[ing] to replace necessary public debate on the future of the nation with back-room negotiations among politicians committing business as usual," by legal scholar John M. Ackerman in Proceso.[13] References{{Expand Spanish|Pacto por México|date=January 2014}}1. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-what-pacto-por-m%C3%A9xico |title = Explainer: What Is the Pacto por México? |last = Sada |first = Andres | date = March 11, 2013 |website = AS/COA |publisher = Americas Society/Council of the Americas |accessdate = January 12, 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web |url = http://pactopormexico.org/PACTO-POR-MEXICO-25.pdf |title = Pacto por México |trans-title=Pact for Mexico |website = Pacto por México |language = Spanish |accessdate = January 12, 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://editorial.opentoexport.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Pacto-por-M%C3%A9xico-English-version-NHG.pdf |title = Pacto por México (Pact for Mexico) |accessdate = August 15, 2015 |translator = Nader |translator2= Hayaux |translator3 = Goebel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100117/http://editorial.opentoexport.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Pacto-por-M%C3%A9xico-English-version-NHG.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |dead-url=yes}} 4. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/articulos-prensa/ha-llegado-el-momento-del-encuentro-y-del-acuerdo-enrique-pena-nieto/ |title = Ha llegado el momento del encuentro y del acuerdo: Enrique Peña Nieto |trans-title=The time has come for meeting and agreement: Enrique Peña Nieto |website = Presidencia de la República |language = Spanish |date = December 2, 2012 |accessdate = January 12, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/921445.html |last1 = Reséndiz |first1 = Francisco |last2 = Nieto |first2 = Francisco |date = May 7, 2013 |title = Partidos firman addendum al Pacto por México |trans-title=Parties sign addendum to 'Pact for Mexico' |newspaper = El Universal |location = Mexico City |accessdate = February 1, 2014 |language = Spanish}} 6. ^{{cite news |url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323664204578607713224531972 |last = Montes |first = Juan |date = August 15, 2013 |title = How Mexico Ended Political Gridlock |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |location = Mexico City |publisher = Dow Jones & Co. |accessdate = January 20, 2014}} 7. ^{{cite news |last1 = Montes |first1 = Juan |last2 = Iliff |first2 = Laurence |last3 = Luhnow |first3 = David |date = December 12, 2013 |title = Mexico Congress Passes Historic Energy Bill |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |location = Mexico City |publisher = Dow Jones & Co. |url = https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303932504579254013051981266 |accessdate = January 20, 2014}} 8. ^{{cite news |last1 = Martinez |first1 = Anna Isabel |last2 = Graham |first2 = Dave |date = November 28, 2013 |title = Mexico leftists exit pact, raising hope for deeper energy reform |newspaper = Reuters |location = Mexico City |publisher = Thomson Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/29/us-mexico-reforms-idUSBRE9AS00T20131129 |accessdate = January 20, 2014}} 9. ^{{cite book |author= |title = Improving education in Mexico: A state-level perspective from Puebla |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mcqXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=education+evaluation+mexico+february+26&source=bl&ots=uQ0L92_lH0&sig=Y9MJFBVU8BTi8yW9eko_n4YrYwI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ianvUqOiFumoyAHBq4DYDQ&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=education%20evaluation%20mexico%20february%2026&f=false |publisher = OECD |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-92-64-20019-7 |accessdate = 3 February 2014 |page = 58}} 10. ^{{cite news |last = Heredia |first = Carlos |date = 17 October 2013 |title = To fix Washington, look to Mexico |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Common-Ground/2013/1017/To-fix-Washington-look-to-Mexico |newspaper = The Christian Science Monitor |location = Mexico City |accessdate = 7 February 2014}} 11. ^{{cite news |author= |title = A model to end Washington gridlock: Mexico |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2013/0324/A-model-to-end-Washington-gridlock-Mexico |newspaper = The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate = 7 February 2014}} 12. ^{{cite news |author= |title = Country of the Year? Try Mexico. |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2013/1215/Country-of-the-Year-Try-Mexico |newspaper = The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate = 7 February 2014}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last = Ackerman |first = John M. |date = 2 December 2012 |title = Pacto por México: acto fallido |trans-title=Pact for Mexico: failed act |url = http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=326808 |journal = Proceso |location = Mexico City |accessdate = 4 February 2014 |language = Spanish}} 2 : Modern Mexico|2012 in Mexican politics |
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