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词条 Pakistan military exercises
释义

  1. Army

     Azm-e-Nau  Zarb-e-Momin 

  2. Navy

     Sea Spark  Shamsheer-e-Behr  Tahaffuz-e-Sahil 

  3. Air force

     High Mark  Flat Out  Saffron Bandit  Wide Awake 

  4. Joint exercises

  5. Notes and references

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}Pakistan military exercises are military exercises conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces to increase combat readiness, and to identify problems in logistics, training, and current military doctrine.[1] They also test the ability of units to work together.[1] Lastly they act as a visible expression of military might, which acts as a deterrent to potential enemy action.[2][3] Most exercises are established recurring ones conducted independently by the Pakistan Army, Pakistan Navy, Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Marines. Although since 1989 the four branches services have increasingly begun coordinated exercises.[4][5][6] An important component of each exercise is the after-action assessment.[5]

Joint military exercises with the armed forces of other countries are also carried out on an ad hoc basis by the armed forces of Pakistan.

Army

Azm-e-Nau

The first Exercise Azm-e-Nau was conducted in 2009, while an army exercise, it was fully coordinated with the navy and air force.[5][7]

In June 2013, the Pakistan Armed Forces started Azm-i-Nau IV to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment." The objective of the exercise was to assess military tactics, procedures and techniques in the event of the emerging threat environment, and explore joint operations strategies in response to combating the threat through all three branches of the military.[8]

Zarb-e-Momin

Exercise Zarb–e–Momin is a joint-command field exercise conducted by the Pakistan Army since 1989. The exercises are conducted to test out the new weapon systems, and include such units as the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps and the Pakistan Army Artillery Corps.[9] The exercise involves the deployment of three field corps, two armored brigades, two artillery divisions, one air-defence division.[9]

Since 1989, Zarb–e–Momin has usually been held in conjunction with exercise High Mark of the Pakistan Air Force.[4]

Navy

Sea Spark

Exercise Sea Spark is largest of the naval exercises periodically conducted by the Pakistan Navy to simulate naval warfare and the protection of the country's maritime border.[10][11]

In 2012 the exercise took place in the North Arabian Sea and started on 17 September 2012.[10] The navy officials stressed that exercises were aimed at assessing "operational readiness" and providing an opportunity to the officers and sailors to operate in a multi-threat environment and to exercise their responses accordingly.[12] The navy deployed all active-duty combatant ships, submarines, fighter jets and the special operations forces, including the entire division of Marines and the naval establishments to cover the entire gamut of naval operations.[13] The exercise also included the joint involvement of the army and air force for special joint operations.[14] The navy put special emphasis on conventional and non-conventional war games, including the features of army and air force pitching against navy to determine the naval capabilities in joint operations in specific threat environment.[15]

In 2015 part of Exercise Sea Spark was witnessed by the prime minister. The Navy demonstrated a range of naval warfare operations against both traditional and non-traditional targets. Included were countering threats from terrorists and pirates. There were live weapon firings and naval aviation fly-bys.[16]

Shamsheer-e-Behr

Exercise Shamsheer-e-Behr is a biannual naval war game conducted in Karachi. It focuses on testing the Navy's field exercises, and incorporating them into naval strategies.[17][18]

Tahaffuz-e-Sahil

Exercise Tahaffuz-e-Sahil is a periodic naval exercise demonstrating and testing techniques for protection of the coast. In 2015 the exercise focused on protecting the port at Gwadar.[19]

Air force

The Pakistan Air Force has several major recurring military exercises:

High Mark

Exercise High Mark is the PAF's largest and most comprehensive exercise and is held about every five years.[20] In 2010, it lasted for forty days and covered air defenses across the entire country.[20] Recently it has included army and naval units.

Flat Out

Exercise Flat Out is an aerial military exercise conducted by the Pakistan Air Force with an objectives of providing training of its personnel for surge operations in war. Because of the induction of new aircraft and in the light of past experience, the rules governing this exercise were modified in 1996 to conform with the wartime role of the various squadrons.[21]

Saffron Bandit

{{main|Exercise Saffron Bandit}}

Exercise Saffron Bandit is a major "command level" combat training exercise, usually held either bi-annually or tri-annually, by the Pakistan Air Force.[22][23][24][25] The initial targets, mainstream goals and purpose of the exercise are focused specifically on the threat from India, particularly that emanating from the Indian Air Force.

Wide Awake

Exercise Wide Awake is an aerial exercise tests the ability of bases and fighter squadrons to react to operational requirements at short notice in peacetime.[26] Since 1997, it has been regularly conducted by the PAF.[26]

Joint exercises

Pakistan has carried out a number of joint military exercises with China,[27][28][29] Russia,[30] Saudi Arabia,[31] Iran,[32][33] and Turkey.[34]

In 2010, the Pakistan Air Force participated in the multinational air exercise called Exercise Red Flag at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.[35][36] They sent several F-16s across the Atlantic with aerial refueling.[37]

Notes and references

1. ^1 The objective of the war games is to assess military tactics, techniques and procedures and to explore strategies for joint operations with other services. {{Cite news|title=Army opens war games ‘Azm-i-Nau IV’ |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |date=4 June 2013 |url=http://dawn.com/2013/06/04/army-opens-war-games-azm-i-nau-iv/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810153531/http://dawn.com/news/1015885/army-opens-war-games-azm-i-nau-iv |archivedate=10 August 2013 |deadurl=no}}
2. ^{{Cite book|author=Khan, Zafar |year=2014 |title=Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=78|isbn=978-1-317-67601-0 }}
3. ^{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's Military Exercise AZM-E-NAU: Need To Monitor Scale and Scope |publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation |url=http://www.vifindia.org/azm-e-nau |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103025710/http://www.vifindia.org/azm-e-nau |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Usman|first1=Shabbir|title=High Mark and Zarb-e-Momin |publisher=PakDef Military Consortium (PMC) (an NGO) |url=http://pakdef.org/exercise-high-mark-89-and-zarb-e-momin/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102233716/http://pakdef.org/exercise-high-mark-89-and-zarb-e-momin/ |archivedate=2 January 2016}}
5. ^1 2 {{Cite news|author=Khan, Raja M. |date=18 April 2010 |title=Message through Exercise Azm-e-Nau-III |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=26342 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102225040/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=26342 |archivedate=2 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
6. ^{{Cite news|title=Army capable of responding to threats: COAS |date=14 May 2014 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/14-May-2014/army-capable-of-responding-to-threats-coas |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714051325/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/14-May-2014/army-capable-of-responding-to-threats-coas |archivedate=14 July 2014 |deadurl=no }}
7. ^{{Cite news|title=Pakistan Army to preempt India’s ‘Cold Start Doctrine’ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |location=Karachi, Pakistan |date=16 June 2013 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/564136/pakistan-army-to-preempt-indias-cold-start-doctrine/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620014112/http://tribune.com.pk/story/564136/pakistan-army-to-preempt-indias-cold-start-doctrine |archivedate=20 June 2013 |deadurl=no}}
8. ^{{Cite news|title=Army opens war games ‘Azm-i-Nau IV’ |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |date=4 June 2013 |url=http://dawn.com/2013/06/04/army-opens-war-games-azm-i-nau-iv/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810153531/http://dawn.com/news/1015885/army-opens-war-games-azm-i-nau-iv |archivedate=10 August 2013 |deadurl=no}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web|last=ISPR|title=Exercise Zarb-e-Momin |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR)|url=http://pakarmy.pk.tripod.com/zarb.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020628103126/http://pakarmy.pk.tripod.com/zarb.html |archivedate=28 June 2002 |deadurl=no}} (not an official site)
10. ^1 {{Cite news|last=PPI|title=SEASPARK -12: Navy starts exercises for operational readiness |newspaper=The Express Tribune |location=Karachi, Pakistan |date=18 September 2012 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/438353/seaspark-12-navy-starts-exercises-for-operational-readiness/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919042256/http://tribune.com.pk/story/438353/seaspark-12-navy-starts-exercises-for-operational-readiness/ |archivedate=19 September 2012 |deadurl=no}}
11. ^{{Cite news|last=Haider |first=Salahuddin |title=Pakistan Navy's Sea Spark exercises, focusses attention on Many an Important Aspect |date=5 November 2015 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=278020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102233232/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=278020 |archivedate=2 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
12. ^{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|title=Navy’s Seaspark-12 exercise commences |newspaper=The News International|date=18 September 2012 |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-132481-Navys-Seaspark-12-exercise-commences |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918022138/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-132481-Navys-Seaspark-12-exercise-commences |archivedate=18 September 2012 |deadurl=yes}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=Navy exercise Seaspark-12 goes off |newspaper=Pakistan Today |date=1 September 2012 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/09/18/city/karachi/navys-seaspark-12-begins-in-arabian-sea/ |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6eFRob5VG|archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
14. ^{{Cite news|title=Seaspark-12 gets under way |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |date=17 September 2012 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/750101/seaspark-12-gets-under-way |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111195606/http://dawn.com/news/750101/seaspark-12-gets-under-way |archivedate=11 November 2013 |deadurl=no}}
15. ^{{Cite news|newspaper=Pakistan Today |title=‘Pak Navy fully capable of meeting any emergency’ |date=19 Sep 2012 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/09/19/city/karachi/pak-navy-fully-capable-of-meeting-any-emergency/ |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6eFVPmEr1| archivedate=3 January 2016 }}
16. ^{{Cite news|title=PM witnesses Seaspark exercise in North Arabian Sea |date=12 November 2015 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/sindh/12-Nov-2015/pm-witnesses-seaspark-exercise-in-north-arabian-sea |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116135028/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/sindh/12-Nov-2015/pm-witnesses-seaspark-exercise-in-north-arabian-sea |archivedate=16 November 2015 |deadurl=no}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/19-Aug-2016/development-progress-cpec-stipulates-govt-aim-to-achieve-maximum-output-in-regional-trade-pm|title=Development projects to help boost trade in the region: PM|work=Radio Pakistan|accessdate=19 August 2016|date=19 August 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://aaj.tv/2016/07/shamsheer-e-bahr-vi-gets-under-way/|title=Shamsheer-e-Bahr-VI gets under way|work=AAJ TV|date=26 July 2016|accessdate=19 August 2016}}
19. ^{{Cite news|title=Submarines, ships, {{sic|nolink=y|aircrafts}} participate in 'Tahaffuz-e-Sahil' exercises | date=16 August 2015 |newspaper=Dunya News (TV) |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/293635-Submarines-ships-aircrafts-participate-in-Tahaf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6eFUfGWP7 |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
20. ^1 {{Cite news|author=Malik, Sajjad |title=PAF to launch 'Exercise High Mark' next week |date=13 March 2010 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/13-Mar-2010/paf-to-launch-exercise-high-mark-next-week |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102222525/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/13-Mar-2010/paf-to-launch-exercise-high-mark-next-week |archivedate=2 January 2016|deadurl=no}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Exercise "Flat Out" |publisher=Pakistan Defence Consortium |url=http://pakdef.org/exercise-flat-out/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103050036/http://pakdef.org/exercise-flat-out/ |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
22. ^{{Cite news|title='PAF can respond effectively to any threat'|date=22 February 2010|newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Feb-2010/paf-can-respond-effectively-to-any-threat |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102213933/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Feb-2010/paf-can-respond-effectively-to-any-threat |archivedate=2 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
23. ^{{Cite news|title=PAF 'Saffron Bandit' annual war games have begun |date=5 September 2009 |newspaper=The Nation |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/05-Sep-2009/PAF-Saffron-Bandit-annual-war-games-have-begun |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014043445/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Islamabad/05-Sep-2009/PAF-Saffron-Bandit-annual-war-games-have-begun |archivedate=14 October 2013 |deadurl=yes}}
24. ^{{Cite news|title=CJCSC witnesses Saffron Bandit exercise |date=25 January 2013 |newspaper=The Nation |location=Lahore, Pakistan |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/25-Jan-2013/cjcsc-witnesses-saffron-bandit-exercise |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213180935/http://www.nation.com.pk/national/25-Jan-2013/cjcsc-witnesses-saffron-bandit-exercise |archivedate=13 December 2013 |deadurl=yes}}
25. ^{{Cite news|title=PAF ready to meet challenges: Air Chief - Exercise Saffron Bandit 2012-13 launched |date=26 October 2012|newspaper=Pakistan Observer |url=http://pakobserver.net/201210/26/detailnews.asp?id=179689 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925031642/http://pakobserver.net/201210/26/detailnews.asp?id=179689 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |deadurl=no}}
26. ^1 {{cite web|title=Exercise "Wide Awake"|url=http://pakdef.org/exercise-wide-awake/|publisher=Pakistan Defence Consortium |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102221109/http://pakdef.org/exercise-wide-awake/ |archivedate=2 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
27. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Makhdoom, Ahmad Waqas |author2=Khan, Abdul Basit |author3=Khan, Mazhar Abbas |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2014 |title= A Study of Pakistan-China Defense Relations (2000-2012) |journal=Research on Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=4 |issue=22 |pages=184–192 |url=http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/16834/17173 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103021955/http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/16834/17173 |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
28. ^{{Cite news|title=Joint air exercise of PAF, PLAA ‘Shaheen-II’ concludes |date=24 September 2013 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |url=http://pakobserver.net/201309/24/detailnews.asp?id=219057 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102223721/http://pakobserver.net/201309/24/detailnews.asp?id=219057 |archivedate=2 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
29. ^{{Cite news|title=Pak-China joint air exercise concludes |date=4 October 2015 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=274658 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012000220/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=274658 |archivedate=12 October 2015 |deadurl=no}}
30. ^{{Cite news|title=Russia and Pakistan to Strengthen Military Cooperation |date=8 December 2015 |newspaper=Sputnik News |url=http://in.sputniknews.com/south_asia/20151208/1016691703/russia-pakistan-navy-drills.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103024610/http://in.sputniknews.com/south_asia/20151208/1016691703/russia-pakistan-navy-drills.html |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
31. ^{{Cite news|date=30 October 2015 |title=Army chief witnesses Saudi-Pak joint training exercise near Jhelum |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1216402 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116072744/http://www.dawn.com/news/1216402 |archivedate=16 November 2015 |deadurl=no}}
32. ^In February–March 1994 it [Iran] held joint naval maneuvers with Pakistan, its first military exercise with a foreign country since the 1979 revolution. {{Cite web|last=Eisenstadt |first=Michael |title=Iran's Naval Buildup in the Gulf: An Assessment |series=Policywatch #140 |date=8 March 1995 |publisher=The Washington Institute |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-naval-buildup-in-the-gulf-an-assessment |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108175502/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-naval-buildup-in-the-gulf-an-assessment |archivedate=8 January 2013 |deadurl=no}}
33. ^{{Cite news|title=Iran, Pakistan begin joint military drill in Hormuz Strait |date=8 April 2014 |newspaper=Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/2672181/Politic/Iran,_Pakistan_begin_joint_military_drill_in_Hormuz_Strait |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6eFe4gkty |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}
34. ^{{Cite news|last=Haider |first=Mateen |date=18 October 2015 |title=Pak-Turkey joint air exercise comes to end |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213928 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018172256/http://www.dawn.com/news/1213928 |archivedate=18 October 2015 |deadurl=no}}
35. ^{{Cite web|title=PAF F-16s Depart for "Red Flag" Exercise in USA |date=10 July 2010 |publisher=Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force |url=http://www.paf.gov.pk/10_Red_Flag_Exercise.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127101953/http://paf.gov.pk/10_Red_Flag_Exercise.html |archivedate=27 November 2010 |deadurl=no}}
36. ^{{Cite news|author=Hali, S. M. |title=PAF at Red Flag Exercise |date=4 August 2010 |newspaper=The Nation |location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/04-Aug-2010/PAF-at-Red-Flag-Exercise |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129121144/http://nation.com.pk/columns/04-Aug-2010/PAF-at-Red-Flag-Exercise |archivedate=29 November 2014 |deadurl=yes}}
37. ^{{Cite web|author=Phelps, Daniel |date=11 August 2010 |title=20th FW and Pakistani airmen reunite at Red Flag |publisher=20th Fighter Wing Public Affairs, United States Air Force |url=http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/115901/20th-fw-and-pakistani-airmen-reunite-at-red-flag.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103044250/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/115901/20th-fw-and-pakistani-airmen-reunite-at-red-flag.aspx |archivedate=3 January 2016 |deadurl=no}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite web|author1=Acuilar, Francisco |author2=Bell, Randy |author3=Black, Natalie |author4=Falk, Sayce |author5=Rogers, Sasha |author6=Peritz, Aki |lastauthoramp=yes |date=July 2011 |title=An Introduction to Pakistan's Military |publisher=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University |url=http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4025~v~An_Introduction_to_Pakistan_s_Military.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217032050/http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4025~v~An_Introduction_to_Pakistan_s_Military.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2014 |deadurl=no}}

External links

  • {{cite web|title=Documentary About Exercise Zerb-e-Momin 1989 |url=http://defence.pk/threads/documentary-about-exercise-zerb-e-momin-1989.36111/ |accessdate=3 January 2016}}
  • {{cite web|title=Exercise Seaspark: Briefing of Rear Admiral Hashim Siddique|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es7ULODnX9g |year=2012|publisher=ISPR (Navy)|accessdate=3 January 2016}}
  • {{cite web|title=F-16s During The Red Flag Exercise - Pakistan Air Force |url=http://www.videosfortube.com/watch/5UiI0DmLRCk/f-16s-during-the-red-flag-exercise-pakistan-air-force.html}}
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