| 词条 | Palmyrene alphabet | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Palmyrene | altname = Palmyran | type = Abjad | languages = Palmyrene dialect of Aramaic | time = 100 BCE to 300 CE | fam1 = Proto-Sinaitic alphabet | fam2 = Phoenician alphabet | fam3 = Aramaic alphabet | sisters = Ammonite Brāhmī [a] Edessan[1] Elymaic[2] Hatran[1] Hebrew Mandaic[1] Nabataean[1] Pahlavi Parthian | sample = Palmyrenisch.jpg | caption = Palmyrene inscribed tablet in the Musée du Louvre | imagesize = 250px | unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10860.pdf U+10860–U+1087F] [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10255r2-n3867.pdf Final Accepted Script Proposal] | iso15924 = Palm |footnotes=[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | note = none }}{{alphabet}} Palmyrene was a historical Semitic alphabet used to write the local Palmyrene dialect of Aramaic. It was used between 100 BCE and 300 CE in Palmyra in the Syrian desert. The oldest surviving Palmyrene inscription dates to 44 BCE.[3] The last surviving inscription dates to 274 CE, two years after Palmyra was sacked by Roman Emperor Aurelian, ending the Palmyrene Empire. Use of the Palmyrene language and script declined, being replaced with Greek and Latin. Palmyrene was derived from cursive versions of the Aramaic alphabet and shares many of its characteristics:[4][5]
Palmyrene was normally written without spaces or punctuation between words and sentences (scriptio continua style). Two forms of Palmyrene were developed: The rounded, cursive form derived from the Aramaic alphabet and later a decorative, monumental form developed from the cursive Palmyrene.[3] Both the cursive and monumental forms commonly used typographic ligatures.[5] CharactersNumbersPalmyrene used a non-decimal system which built up numbers using combinations of their symbols for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20.[5] It is similar to the system used for Aramaic which built numbers using their symbols for 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 100, 1000, and 10000.[6] LettersThere are some styles in which the 'r'-letter (resh) is the same as the 'd'-letter (dalesh) with a dot on top, but{{vague|reason=So, this must be just like italicized "h" being the same as "n" and the "longer neck" being too subtle for folks who are, say, 80% blind having reading handicaps...? And the folk of Sodom not being able to map-read their way to Lot's place for their gay angel-sex, but for maps exploiting the fact that ...|date=April 2018}} there are styles in which the two letters are visually distinct. Ligation, after b, ḥ, m, n, and q before some other consonants was common in some inscriptions but was not obligatory. There are also two fleurons (left-sided and right-sided) that tend to appear near numbers. DeciphermentExamples of Palmyrene inscriptions were printed as far back as 1616, but accurate copies of Palmyrene/Greek bilingual inscriptions were not available until 1756. The Palmyrene alphabet was deciphered in the 1750s, literally overnight, by Abbé Jean-Jacques Barthélemy using these new, accurate copies of bilingual inscriptions. Unicode{{Main|Palmyrene (Unicode block)}}Palmyrene was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0. The Unicode block for Palmyrene is U+10860–U+1087F: {{Unicode chart Palmyrene}}GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=89}} {{list of writing systems}}2. ^{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=89}} 3. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | title = Palmyrenian alphabet | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica}} 4. ^{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 }} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web | last = Everson | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Everson | title = N3867R2: Proposal for encoding the Palmyrene script in the SMP of the UCS | date = 17 August 2010 | url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10255r2-n3867.pdf | accessdate = 20 August 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web | last = Everson | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Everson | title = N3339: Proposal for encoding the Imperial Aramaic script in the SMP of the UCS | date = 25 August 2007 | url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07288-n3339-aramaic.pdf | accessdate = 6 July 2014}} 4 : Abjad writing systems|Obsolete writing systems|Aramaic languages|Scripts encoded in Unicode 7.0 |
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