| 词条 | Automat | ||||
| 释义 |
An automat is a fast food restaurant where simple foods and drink are served by vending machines. The world's first automat was named Quisisana, which opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895. By countryGermany{{expand section|date=June 2017}}The first automat in the world was the Quisisana automat, which opened in 1895 in Berlin, Germany.[2] JapanIn Japan, in addition to regular vending machines which sell prepared food, many restaurants also use food ticket machines ({{lang-ja|食券機|shokkenki}}), where one purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine, then presents the ticket to a server, who then prepares and serves the meal. Conveyor belt sushi restaurants are also popular. NetherlandsAutomats ({{lang-nl|automatiek}}) provide a variety of typical Dutch fried fast food, such as frikandellen and croquettes, but also hamburgers and sandwiches from vending machines that are back-loaded from a kitchen. FEBO is the best-known chain of Dutch automats. Some outlets are open 24 hours a day, and are popular with locals, and those leaving clubs and bars late at night. The Dutch concept has been successfully exported overseas.{{clarify||reason=Where? When? How often?|date=August 2018}} United StatesConceptOriginally, the machines in U.S. automats took only nickels.[3] In the original format, a cashier sat in a change booth{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} in the center of the restaurant, behind a wide marble counter with five to eight rounded depressions. The diner would insert the required number of coins in a machine and then lift a window, hinged at the top, and remove the meal, usually wrapped in waxed paper. The machines were replenished from the kitchen behind. All or most New York automats had a cafeteria-style steam table where patrons could slide a tray along rails and choose foods, which were ladled from tureens. The first automat in the US was opened June 12, 1902, at 818 Chestnut St.[2] in Philadelphia by Horn & Hardart; Horn & Hardart became the most prominent American automat chain.[4] Inspired by Max Sielaff's AUTOMAT Restaurants in Berlin, they became among the first 47 restaurants, and the first non-Europeans, to receive patented vending machines from Sielaff's Berlin factory.[5] The automat was brought to New York City[5] in 1912 and gradually became part of popular culture in northern industrial cities. The automats were popular with a wide variety of patrons, including Walter Winchell, Irving Berlin and other celebrities of the era. The New York automats were popular with unemployed songwriters and actors. Playwright Neil Simon called automats "the Maxim's of the disenfranchised" in a 1987 article.[9] DeclineThe format was threatened by the arrival of fast food, served over the counter and with more payment flexibility than traditional automats; in the 1970s, the automats' remaining appeal in their core urban markets was strictly nostalgic. Another contributing factor to their demise was inflation of the 1970s, making the food too expensive to be bought conveniently with coins, in a time before bill acceptors commonly appeared on vending equipment. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} At one time there were 40 Horn & Hardart automats in New York City alone. The last one closed in 1991. Horn and Hardart converted most of its New York City locations to Burger Kings. At the time, the quality of the food was described by some customers as on the decline.[6][7] In an attempt to bring back automats in New York City, a company called Bamn! opened a new East Village Dutch-style automat store in 2006,[8] but it closed in 2009.[9] A second attempt to bring back automats to the United States is Eatsa which offers quinoa based dishes.[10] Rail transportA form of the automat was used on some passenger trains. The Great Western Railway in the United Kingdom announced plans in December 1945 to introduce automat buffet cars.[11] Plans were delayed by impending nationalisation, and an automat was finally introduced on the Cambrian Coast Express, in 1962.[12] In the United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad introduced an automat between Pennsylvania Station, New York City and Union Station, Washington, DC, in 1954.[13] Southern Pacific Railroad introduced automat buffet cars on the Coast Daylight and Sunset Limited in 1962. Amtrak converted four buffet cars to automats in 1985 for use on the Auto Train. The last one in use in the United States was on the short-lived Lake Country Limited in 2001. In Switzerland, Bodensee–Toggenburg Bahn introduced automat buffet cars, in 1987.[14] See also{{portal|Food}}
References1. ^Bernardo Friese, grandson of Max Sielaff 2. ^{{cite book | last=Smith | first=A.F. | last2=Oliver | first2=G. | title=Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City | publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19-939702-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | access-date=June 15, 2017 | page=24}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/6/2006_6_19.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020152554/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/6/2006_6_19.shtml |title=Bamn! The Automat Is Back – Restaurant – Food & Drink |last1=Lui |first1=Claire |date= |year=2006 |editor= |publisher=American Heritage Magazine |issn= |archive-date=2007-10-20 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2015-03-15 |quote= }} 4. ^"Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)", 36th Street, New York City Signs -- 14th to 42nd Street. 5. ^1 2 3 [https://archive.is/20150316092501/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p268001coll12/id/6426/rec/58 Automat-Restaurants – AUTOMAT GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets] - oclc 6. ^1 {{cite news | first=James | last=Barron | coauthors= |authorlink= | title=Last Automat Closes, Its Era Long Gone | date=April 11, 1991 | publisher= | url =https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/11/nyregion/last-automat-closes-its-era-long-gone.html | work =The New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2009-07-16 | language = }} 7. ^{{cite news | first= | last= | title=New York's Last Automat Closes | date=April 11, 1991 | work= St. Petersburg Times | publisher= | url =https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iZwMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XV8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6820,42067&dq=automat+1991 | agency =Associated Press | pages = | accessdate = 2009-07-16 | language = }} 8. ^{{cite news | last = Matthews | first = Karen | title = Updated Automat to open in New York City | agency = Associated Press | date = August 28, 2006 |website= boston.com | url = http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/08/28/updated_automat_to_open_in_new_york_city/ | accessdate = 2006-08-28 }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://ny.eater.com/archives/2009/03/the_shutter_felled_bamn_to_become_baoguette.php |title=The Shutter: Felled Bamn! to Become Baoguette? |website=Eater NY |author=Amanda Kludt |date=March 9, 2009}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=O'Neill|first1=Natalie|title=This Midtown vending machine is serving up lunch|url=https://nypost.com/2016/07/19/this-midtown-vending-machine-is-serving-up-lunch/|accessdate=5 June 2017|date=19 July 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Automat Buffet Cars For British Railways|publisher=Reuters|date=26 December 1945}} 12. ^{{cite journal|journal=The Railway Gazette|title=Railway Gazette|page=709|volume=119|year=1963}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=Automatic Buffet-Bar Car Introduced By Pennsy|journal=Locomotive Engineers Journal|page=236|volume=88|publisher=Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers|date=1954}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=Jane's World Railways|page=700|publisher=Jane's Yearbooks|year=1988|isbn=0-7106-0871-3}} Further reading
External links{{commonscat|Automats}}
3 : Fast-food restaurants|Restaurants by type|Vending |
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