“Pana riot”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Pana riot, or Pana massacre, was a coal mining labor conflict that occurred on April 10, 1899, in Pana, Illinois, and resulted in the deaths of seven people. It was one of many similar labor conflicts in 1899 in southern Illinois, an area of coal mining.

The United Mine Workers of America had called a strike that affected numerous mines; mine owners retaliated by hiring guards and some 300 African-American miners from Alabama to serve as strikebreakers. After a confrontation in which a white union miner was killed, the miners turned on black strikebreakers, believing them responsible. Two whites were killed in the violence and five blacks, with another six African Americans wounded.

Background

Striking white miners had been out of work for nearly a year when the Overholt brothers, part owners of one of the four Pana mines, went to Alabama to recruit African-American "scab" labor (strikebreakers) in an effort to re-open the mines. Previous attempts to open the mines with white non-union workers had failed amid violence. The state had stationed militia in Pana to preserve peace. Nearly 300 African Americans were recruited to work in the mines and break the strike.

According to first-hand accounts collected in the 1940s by Eleanor Burnhorn, a well-known Pana history teacher, the new African-American recruits from Alabama had been told they would be working in newly opened mines. They were not aware of the strike until they reached the town. There the company housed the black non-union workers in poor conditions, either inside the confines of Springside Mine on the northeast side of town, or in a building located just west of Penwell mine. Local residents derogatorily called it the "Alabama Hotel".

Despite the promise of better wages in the North, black workers who ran the gauntlet of strikers were paid by the company in coupons or scrip, good only at stores designated by the mine owners. This made them short of cash, preventing them from having cash to purchase transportation out of town. They were paid less than the white strikers, receiving 27 1/2 cents per tonne. Some were family men, but the majority were unmarried and a rough lot, consisting of heavy drinkers, gamblers, and men prone to street violence.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The striking white miners could be described in similar terms.

In early 1899, the black coal miners at Pana formed the Afro-Anglo Mutual Association (AAMA) in order to protect their interests in relation to the white union miners. An Illinois newspaper paper } described its leader, Henry Stevens, as being "hard as iron and his muscles stand out like whip cords. His biceps are as large as the calf of an ordinary man{{'}}s leg. He stands about six feet, two inches tall and he will weigh in the neighborhood of 200 pounds."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Due to previous labor unrest at Pana, the AAMA lobbied Governor John Riley Tanner to guarantee that black and nonunion miners would receive the same protection from the National Guard as the union miners. The pleas seem to have been ignored because, soon after, Governor Tanner removed the soldiers who were keeping order. Black strikebreakers were left at the mercy of local whites, who were openly hostile to them. Stevens sent a delegate to Governor Tanner, who asked that the soldiers be retained in Pana, but Stevens' request was ignored. The act of diplomacy, though unsuccessful, represented the black miners' will to resolve the situation peaceably. It contradicted their negative characterization as strikebreakers that were so often reported by contemporary newspapers.

Gun battle

On April 10, 1899, a confrontation occurred in Pana between the AAMA and union miners, with some police on the scene. Sometime during the event, a scuffle broke out, and a union miner was shot and killed. Although it was later found that he was killed by a shot fired by a white policeman, the situation escalated into a riot between the whites and the blacks. At least five blacks were killed and six more were wounded. Two white men, including the miner, were killed. The second was the son of the county sheriff, also thought to be killed by a white man.^[1]

The local newspaper devoted its reporting primarily to the union miners and the two white fatalities. Historians have found that deaths among the blacks included Henry Johnson, Louis Hooks, James L. James, and Charles Watkins from Georgia, and Julia Dash, wife of a black miner. The black wounded included Clinton Rolo, Louis Whitfield, Charles York, Ed Delinquest, F. C. Dorsey, and George Freak.^[1]

Immediately after the massacre, union miners rounded up all the blacks they saw and had them held at the city jail. There were fears that the blacks would be lynched. Finally, Governor Tanner order the militia to occupy Pana, which restored peace.

It was later revealed that the confrontation was partly caused by a failed attempt to recruit a large force of union miners, who were to be used to drive the blacks out of Pana.

Grand jury and trials

A grand jury indicted some white miners for having a role in the massacre; none was convicted. Henry Stevens, as leader of the AAMA, was indicted on three counts of intent to kill.

Aftermath

After the massacre of April 10, many of Pana's black residents moved away, with travel support from the union. Operators and union miners began arbitration talks to settle the strike, but black miners objected because they were not represented.

The operators, in order to demonstrate their good faith with regard to the arbitration talks and also out of fear of increased violence, temporarily shut down all of Pana{{'}}s coal mines in late June, 1899. As a result, the black community was left without resources, as it lacked the local and regional support networks upon which white union miners could rely. Their wages had been too low to allow most to save any money.

The black community met to discuss what to do, fearing another riot. They appealed to Governor Tanner for financial support to assist the now-destitute blacks to leave the state. Most went to Weir, Kansas, where they were recruited again to work in mining, and became embroiled in a labor dispute there. According to Illinois historian Millie Meyerholtz, 211 blacks moved west, primarily to Weir. Only 63 returned to Alabama and the Jim Crow South.^[1]

Those who remained in Pana were driven out in the following months; it became a sundown town. Many of these holdouts ended up in Springfield. If they settled there, they faced violence again during the Springfield Race Riot of 1908.^[2]^[3]

Background

Gun battle

Grand jury and trials

Aftermath

See also

References

Further reading