| 词条 | Pandanus language |
| 释义 |
A pandanus language is an elaborate avoidance language among several of the peoples of the eastern New Guinea Highlands, used when collecting Pandanus nuts. UseAnnually, people camp in the forest to harvest and cook the nuts of karuka (both Pandanus julianettii and Pandanus brosimos). Many normal words are thought to be unhealthy for the plants, as they carry associations inimical to the proper growth of the nuts. An elaborate vocabulary of up to a thousand words and phrases has developed to replace the taboo vocabulary. The new vocabulary focuses on words involved with trips to harvest karuka nuts, and changes as words become known outside an area.[1] The language is often spoken to control the magical properties of the higher elevations where the karuka grows, and to placate dangerous nature spirits like Kita-Menda (also called {{lang|imo|Giluwe yelkepo}}[2]), the ritual keeper of the wild dogs.[1] Pandanus language generally should never be used outside the area where the trees grow, for fear of mountain spirits hearing it and coming down to investigate.[1] All ages and genders are expected to know the ritual language before entering the taboo areas, but outsiders who do not know the language may be allowed to speak Tok Pisin instead.[1] As Tok Pisin has become more widely spoken in the area, pandanus languages have been spoken less.[2] Newer generations also seem to be less afraid of the deep forest, and do not see much need for the protective talk.[2] The Kewa and Imbongu pandanus languages are already thought to be dying out.[2] StructureThe grammar and vocabulary of pandanus language is based on the mother tongue, but a restricted and consolidated form, especially for names of living organisms.[1] Often words are grouped into umbrella terms which do not have an equivalent concept in ordinary speech.[10] Pandanus language words can also be loanwords from other languages.[10] 'Karuka,' as a term, is not treated consistently across all pandanus languages. For example, in standard Kewa language it is aga,[1][2][1] but in the Kewa pandanus language it is rumala agaa.[1][2] Conversely, in both ordinary Kalam language and its pandanus register, the word is the same: {{lang|kmh|alŋaw}}.[10] Languages with Pandanus registersPandanus registers have been best documented for: {{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
The Kalam pandanus language, called {{lang|kmh|alŋaw mnm}} ({{transl|kmh|pandanus language}}) or {{lang|kmh|ask-mosk mnm}} ({{transl|kmh|avoidance language}}), is also used when eating or cooking cassowary,[5] as opposed to speaking {{lang|kmh|monmon mnm}} ({{transl|kmh|ordinary/free language}}).[6] It is not spoken out of fear of spirits, but to prevent the nuts from being watery, tough, or rotten; or in the case for cassowaries, to show respect to the bird.[6] Kalam pandanus language may also be used outside the forest without penalty unlike other versions.[6] This register is possibly thousands of years old, and may be inspired by older pandanus languages.[6] The Huli language has an avoidance register called {{lang|hui|tayenda tu ha illili}} ({{transl|hui|bush divide taboo}}) used for collecting Pandanus as well as hunting or traveling.[7] {{lang|hui|Tayenda}}, like many of the above, is used to evade malevolent bush spirits.[7] Citations1. ^{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Tong Kwee |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-4053-2 |pages=128–130 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_17 |language=English |chapter=Pandanus julianettii |volume=4 |oclc=822591349}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=French |first1=Bruce R. |authorlink=Bruce French (agricultural scientist) |title=Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea |date=1982 |publisher=AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea |pages=64–71 |url=https://docplayer.net/42672690-Growing-food-in-the-southern-highlands-province-of-papua-new-guinea-bruce-r-french.html |accessdate=20 September 2018 |language=English |format=PDF}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Karl J. |title=A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea |journal=Oceania |date=September 1972 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x |language=English |oclc=883021898}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Karl J. |last2=Stefaniw |first2=Roman |editor1-last=Dutton |editor1-first=Tom |title=Culture change, language change - case studies from Melanesia |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0858834118 |issn=0078-7558 |pages=1–6 |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145785/1/PL-C120.pdf |accessdate=25 October 2018 |language=English |chapter-format=PDF |chapter=The 'Pandanus Languages' of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea - a further report |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=C-120 |oclc=260177442 |doi=10.15144/PL-C120.1}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Majnep |first1=Ian Saem |last2=Bulmer |first2=Ralph |authorlink2=Ralph Bulmer |others=illustrations by Christopher Healey |pages=150, 152 |title=Birds of my Kalam Country |trans-title=Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt |date=1977 |publisher=Aukland University Press |location=New Zealand |isbn=9780196479538 |language=English |oclc=251862814}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |authorlink1=Andrew Pawley |editor1-last=Dutton |editor1-first=Tom E. |editor2-last=Ross |editor2-first=Malcolm |editor3-last=Tryon |editor3-first=Darrell |editor2-link=Malcolm Ross (linguist) |editor3-link=Darrell Tryon |title=The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock |date=1992 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University |location=Canberra |isbn=08588334006 |pages=313–334 |language=English |chapter=Kalam Pandanus Language: An Old New Guinea Experiment in Language Engineering |oclc=222981840 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C |volume=110 |issn=0078-7558 |others=Memory of Donald C. Laycock}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Laurence |title=Talk Never Dies: The Language of Huli Disputes |date=1983 |publisher=Tavistock Publications |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0422782104 |pages=254–257 |language=English |chapter=Talking about talk |oclc=993340993}} References
5 : Ritual languages|Pandanus avoidance registers|Pandanus|Taboo|Languages of New Guinea |
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