1. Etymology

2. Geography

3. Hydrometry

4. Pangani River Basin

5. Commerce

6. References

7. External links

The Pangani River (pin-gi'nee) (also called Luffu and Jipe Ruvu, especially in older sources, and probably once called Rhaptus) is a major river of northeastern Tanzania. It has two main sources:^[2] the Ruvu, which rises as Lumi at Kilimanjaro, passes through Lake Jipe, and empties into the Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir, and the Kikuletwa, coming from the west and mainly fed by Mount Meru, which also enters into the Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir. Just after leaving the reservoir the stream becomes the Pangani, which empties into the Indian Ocean at the town of Pangani.^[3]

For much of its length the river flows along the regional borders of Kilimanjaro Region and Manyara Region, before flowing into Tanga Region, which contains the 68 MW Pangani Power Station and the Pangani Falls Dam. There are several inhabited islands within the river. The river is full of crocodiles; hippopotami are scarcer in its lower parts.

Etymology

A main source of Pangani originates on Kilimanjaro, where it is the River Lumi. Lake Jipe may be considered a backwater of the Lumi.^[4]

Below Lake Jipe and above the falls, the river is referred to as "Ruvu".^[5]

Formerly the main course towards the sea was alternatively called "Ruvu" and "Pangani".^[6] Nowadays that has been settled as "Pangani" from the Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir to the Ocean.

While the Sudheli language calls it "Pangani" (meaning distribute or arrange),^[7] it is called "Luffu" by the Wasambara (indigenous to the Nderema area, on the three ridges nearer the coast) and Wasegua (who live on the river's islands).^[3][5]

Almost all authorities agree that the river "Rhaptus" of Ptolemy's topographical maps is the Pangani of modern maps.^[7]

Geography

The Pangani is {{convert|500|km}} in length.^[8]

Source

One source of the river rises in Kilimanjaro, about {{convert|120|mi}} from the sea. Known as the Lumi in this area, its course runs through Lake Jipe. The other is at Mount Meru in the west and is known as the Kikuletwa. Like all African rivers, its depth varies with the season. The river is highest around May and lowest around October.

Midsection

It is navigable for small craft between the lake and the Höhnel Cataracts, a series of rapids.^[9] Below the Höhnel Cataracts, it has numerous tributaries, and many islands with villages on them. The stream is strongest above Koleni, within 5 miles of the Pangani Falls, where the river is narrow. This section is not navigable for any considerable distance on account of the falls, which are about {{convert|30|mi}} from the mouth. Approximately {{convert|4|mi}} from the mouth, dense mangrove swamp covers the flatland between the hills on either side. In this area, near Teufelsfelsen, are higher land, a fertile area, and the arid Masai Steppe.^[8] On this bank is Mount Kovu Kovu, {{convert|360|ft}} in height, while on the south bank is a ridge {{convert|400|ft}} high. Pombwe, one of the principal settlements on the river, is situated about {{convert|1|mi}} west of Kovu Kovu. Above Pombwe, the West African oil palm grows, while below Pombwe, the trees are chiefly areca and coconut palms.^[10] The village of Lemkuna and the hamlet of Ngage are on the river's west bank, while Mvungwe and Meserani are on its eastern bank.^[11]

Mouth

The mouth is located {{convert|52|km}} south of Tanga.^[12] The river is tidal for a distance of {{convert|22|mi}} from the entrance.^[10] The southern side of the entrance is marked by a perpendicular bluff named Bweni, about {{convert|200|ft}} high; there is a village of the same name, Bweni, situated here. The northern side of the entrance is a flat sandy beach that extends from the head of the bay. There are several settlements at the entrance, two on the northern and two on the southern bank. Historically, the town of Pangani, on the river's left bank, had a reputation for fevers.^[18] At its estuary, by Pangani town, the river is about {{convert|600|ft}} in breadth, and {{convert|12|-|15|ft}} deep.

Tributaries

Several tributaries coming from the Pare Mountains, the Usambara Mountains and the Wasegiia wilderness join the Pangani in its course. These include the Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau and Mnyusi.^[13]

Hydrometry

Average monthly flow of Pangani measured at the hydrological station in Korogwe Estate, about 110 km above the mouth in m³ / s (1959–77).^[14] The Pangani flows stimulate time-dependent, like most rivers in the region.

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Pangani River Basin

The Pangani River Basin (PRB) is one of Tanzania's nine drainage basins. Extending from the northern highlands to Tanzania's north-eastern coastline, the PRB is approximately {{convert|56300|km2}} in size, of which {{convert|4880|km2}} is within Kenya.^[15] Five sub-basins comprise the basin: the Pangani River ({{convert|43650|km2}}), the Umba River ({{convert|8070|km2}}), the Msangazi River ({{convert|5030|km2}}), the Zigi River, and the Mkulumuzi River plus other coastal rivers ({{convert|2080|km2}}).^[16] All of these empty into the Indian Ocean.^[23]

The Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB) was established in July 1991 under the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of 1974. Its headquarters is in the Moshi municipality in the Kilimanjaro Region. Its other two offices are in Arusha and Tanga.^[17] The PBWB consists of ten professionals from public institutions and private sector LGAs, UWSAs, and other committees.{{fact|date=July 2018}}

The river system is under pressure because of conflicting water uses and major overallocations of its water. Many farmers rely on the river for irrigation. Damming projects along the river have reduced the river's flow from several hundred cubic metres per second to less than {{convert|40|m3/s}}. This has affected coastal communities, which have seen large reductions in fish populations and saltwater intrusion^[18] In 2002, the Pangani River Basin Management Project was established to manage the basin's water resources. It receives technical assistance from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, and the local non-governmental organization PAMOJA.^[18] The project also receives funds from the government of Tanzania, IUCN, the European Commission, and the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme.^[18]

Commerce

There is a good deal of trade here, dhows loading and unloading on the river. Produce is brought down the river, principally on rafts made of the Moale palm, which are then broken up and become articles of commerce. In 1878, the most common crop cultivated on the river's banks was reported to be sugar.^[19]

References

External links

• Map showing the river
• Map showing river basin

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