| 词条 | Papadzules |
| 释义 |
Papadzules ({{IPA-es|papaˈtsules}}; Mexican Spanish, from Mayan {{IPA-myn|papatsʼuːles|}}) is a traditional dish from the Yucatán Peninsula resembling enchiladas. In its simplest form it consists of corn tortillas dipped in a sauce of pepita (pumpkin seeds) filled with hard-boiled eggs, and garnished with a cooked tomato-pepper sauce. EtymologyTwo theories exist about the origin of the name. Diana Kennedy says it derives from a phrase meaning "food of the lords" because this dish was reportedly fed to the Spaniards.[1] Variations of this etymology appear elsewhere.[2] The second theory posits that it derives from Mayan papakʼ, to anoint or smear, and sul, to soak or drench, making the meaning something along the lines of "smeared and drenched".[3] HistoryPapadzules are said to be a very ancient dish,[4] the forerunner of modern enchiladas, even.[5] However, it is not clear that this dish was actually made in pre-Hispanic times, at least in the way it is made today. First, there is a lack of comals in the archaeological record of the Yucatán, implying that the Mayans did not make the thin tortillas required for filling.[6][7] Second, the historical record seems to indicate that the Mayans preferred making thicker tortillas cooked in ashes.[8] These thicker tortillas, depending on how thick they were, would have been harder to fill. The modern pim (Mayan thick tortilla) can range in thickness from the height of three tortillas up to approximately half an inch.[9] Regardless of whether or not the dish was constructed in the pre-Hispanic period as it is today, the ancient Mayans would have had access to all of the basic ingredients used in the modern dish. Corn, tomatoes, and chiles were all staples in the Mesoamerican diet. Pumpkin seeds, likewise, were an important part of the Mayan diet.[10] Chicken eggs were unknown to pre-Hispanic Mayans, but several other fowl capable of providing eggs were known and eaten. Turkeys and muscovy ducks were both domesticated, and both produce edible eggs. In addition to that, the Mayans ate non-domesticated fowl including the curassow, crested guan, horned guan, chachalaca, and ocellated turkey, although it is unclear the extent to which edible eggs could have been obtained from these birds.[11] Aside from the eggs of fowl, iguana eggs were also used in Mayan cooking[12] and could conceivably have been used to make this dish. PreparationPapadzules are prepared by filling a tortilla dipped in a pumpkin seed sauce with chopped hard-boiled eggs. The sauce is created by toasting pumpkin seeds, grinding them to a powder, and blending with a broth of epazote. However, prior to blending, the toasted, ground seeds have their oil extracted by mixing the powder with a small amount of water and squeezing the resulting paste with your hands. This oil is collected and reserved for use as a garnish. After the tortillas have been dipped in the pumpkin seed sauce and filled, the dish is topped with a cooked tomato-chile sauce. Traditionally, the chile used in this sauce is the habanero. Finally, the reserved oil is sprinkled on top.[13][14] In the Yucatán, a specific type of pumpkin seed, called xt’op (Mayan) or pepita gruesa (Spanish), is used for this dish. These seeds come from the type of pumpkin called xka’al.[15] See also{{portal|Food}}
References1. ^{{cite book |title= The Cuisines of Mexico |last=Kennedy |first=Diana |year=1986 |publisher= Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn= 0-06-091561-7 |pages=70–73 }} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Maya for Travelers and Students: A Guide to Language and Culture in Yucatan|author=Bevington, G.|date=1995|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292708129|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ILRVVGWGleIC|page=60|accessdate=2015-03-19}} 3. ^{{cite book |title= Mayan Cooking: Recipes from the Sun Kingdoms of Mexico |last=Hamman |first=Cherry |year=1998 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |location=New York |isbn= 0-7818-0580-5 |pages=94–95}} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Sterling | first=D. | title=Yucatรกn: Recipes from a Culinary Expedition | publisher=University of Texas Press | series=The William and Bettye Nowlin Series in Art, History, and Culture of the Western Hemisphere | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-292-73581-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmHIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280 | accessdate=May 20, 2016 | page=280}} 5. ^{{cite book |title= ¡Que Vivan los Tamales!: Food and the Making of Mexican Identity |last=Pilcher |first=Jeffrey M. |year=1998 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn= 0-8263-1873-8 |page=19}} 6. ^Hamman 1998, p 84 7. ^{{cite book |title= America's First Cuisines |last=Coe |first=Sophie D. |year=1994 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn= 0-292-71159-X |page=146}} 8. ^Coe 1994, p 146 9. ^Hamman 1998, p 85 10. ^Coe, 1994 11. ^Coe 1994, p 124 12. ^Coe 1994, p 155 13. ^Hamman, 1998 14. ^{{cite book |title=From My Mexican Kitchen: Techniques and Ingredients |last=Kennedy |first=Diana |year=2003 |publisher=Clarkson Potter |location=New York |isbn=0-609-60700-6 |pages=260–262}} 15. ^Hamman 1998, p 94 External links{{commons}}
5 : Ancient dishes|Egg dishes|Mesoamerican cuisine|Mexican cuisine|Tortilla-based dishes |
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