| 词条 | Stickleback |
| 释义 |
| name = Sticklebacks | image = Four species of stickleback (Gasterosteidae).jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Four marine species of stickleback from the Atlantic Ocean coast of North America | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | subclassis = Neopterygii | infraclassis = Teleostei | ordo = Gasterosteiformes | familia = Gasterosteidae | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =Apeltes Culaea Gasterosteus Pungitius Spinachia }} The Gasterosteidae are a family of fish including the sticklebacks. They are related to the pipefish and seahorses. TaxonomyFishBase recognises 16 species in the family, grouped in five genera.[1] However, several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. Although some authorities give the common name of the family as "sticklebacks and tube-snouts", the tube-snouts are classified in the related family Aulorhynchidae. GeneraGenera include:
DescriptionSticklebacks are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water. The freshwater taxa were trapped in Europe, Asia, and North America after the Ice Age, and have evolved different features from the marine species. Sticklebacks are carnivorous, feeding on small animals such as insects, crustaceans and fish larvae.[2][3] Sticklebacks are characterised by the presence of strong and clearly isolated spines in their dorsal fins.[3] An unusual feature of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. SizesThe maximum size of the best-known species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), is about 4 inches, but few of them are more than 3 inches long. They mature sexually at a length of about 2 inches.[4] Most other stickleback species are roughly similar in size or somewhat smaller. The only exception is the far larger fifteen-spined stickleback (Spinachia spinachia), which can reach 22 cm (approx. 8.7 inches).[5] MatingAll stickleback species show similar, unusual mating behaviour. The males develop a red breast and construct a nest from weeds held together by secretions from their kidneys, then attract females to the nest. A female lays her eggs inside the nest, where the male fertilises them. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch,[6] and may continue to guard the fry after they hatch. Some males die following spawning.[4] Use in scienceThe family includes the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, common in northern temperate climates around the world including Europe, most of northern North America and Japan and colloquially known in the United Kingdom as the "tiddler", or "sprick".[7] Niko Tinbergen's studies of the behaviour of this fish were important in the early development of ethology as an example of a fixed action pattern. More recently, the fish have become a favorite system for studying the molecular genetics of evolutionary change in wild populations[8] and a powerful "supermodel" for combining evolutionary studies at molecular, developmental, population genetic, and ecological levels.[9] The nearly complete genome sequence of a reference freshwater stickleback was described in 2012, along with set of genetic variants commonly found in 21 marine and freshwater populations around the world. Some variants, and several chromosome inversions, consistently distinguish marine and freshwater populations, helping identify a genome-wide set of changes contributing to repeated adaptation of sticklebacks to marine and freshwater environments.[10] References1. ^{{FishBase family | family = Gasterosteidae | month = October| year = 2012}} 2. ^The Repeater - NYTimes.com 3. ^Widespread Parallel Evolution in Sticklebacks by Repeated Fixation of Ectodysplasin Alleles by sciencemag.org 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.gma.org/fogm/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.htm |title=Three-spined stickleback |publisher=Gma.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-31}} 5. ^{{FishBase|Spinachia|spinachia|year=2014}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Orr, James W. |author2=Pietsch, T.W. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 171–172|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/briaind/nyuck3.htm#L |title=Irish poetry Ulster Scots |publisher=Webcitation.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-31 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5knGutuSf |archivedate=October 25, 2009 }} 8. ^Kingsley, D.M. and Peichel, C.L. (2007) The molecular genetics of evolutionary change in sticklebacks. in Biology of the three-spinestickleback. Ostlund-Nillson, S., Mayer, I. and Huntingford, F.A. (eds). CRC Press. pp. 41-81 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5717/1890.full |title=The synthesis and evolution of a supermodel |publisher=Sciencemag.org |date=2005-03-25 |accessdate=2012-08-31}} 10. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10944.html|title=The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks. |date=2012-04-04 | volume=484|doi=10.1038/nature10944|journal=Nature|pages=55–61|pmc=3322419}} External links{{commons category|Gasterosteidae}}
2 : Gasterosteidae|Gasterosteiformes |
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