| 词条 | Stimson Doctrine |
| 释义 |
The Stimson Doctrine is the policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of aggression.[1] The policy was implemented by the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of ex injuria jus non oritur.[2] While some analysts have applied the doctrine in opposition to governments established by revolution, this usage is not widespread, and its invocation usually involves treaty violations.[2] OverviewNamed after Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State in the Hoover Administration (1929–33), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden (now Shenyang), on September 18, 1931.[3] The doctrine was also invoked by U.S. Under-Secretary of State Sumner Welles in a declaration of July 23, 1940, that announced non-recognition of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania[4]—and remained the official U.S. position until the Baltic states regained independence in 1991. It was not the first time that the U.S. had used non-recognition as a political tool or symbolic statement. President Woodrow Wilson had refused to recognize the Mexican Revolutionary governments in 1913 and Japan's 21 Demands upon China in 1915.{{citation needed|date=March 2007|reason=Was not cited.|Source=Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia|Author=Richard J. Samuels}} The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in late 1931 placed U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson in a difficult position. It was evident that appeals to the spirit of the Kellogg–Briand Pact had no impact on either the Chinese or the Japanese, and the secretary was further hampered by President Herbert Hoover's clear indication that he would not support economic sanctions as a means to bring peace in the Far East.[5] On January 7, 1932, Secretary Stimson sent similar notes to China and Japan that incorporated a diplomatic approach used by earlier secretaries facing crises in the Far East. Later known as the Stimson Doctrine, or sometimes the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, the notes read in part as follows: ...the American Government deems it to be its duty to notify both the Imperial Japanese Government and the Government of the Chinese Republic that it cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor does it intend to recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those Governments, or agents thereof, which may impair the treaty rights of the United States or its citizens in China, including those that relate to the sovereignty, the independence, or the territorial and administrative integrity of the Republic of China, or to the international policy relative to China, commonly known as the open door policy...[6] Stimson had stated that the United States would not recognize any changes made in China that would curtail American treaty rights in the area and that the "open door" must be maintained. The declaration had few material effects on the Western world, which was burdened by the Great Depression, and Japan went on to bomb Shanghai.[5] The doctrine was criticized on the grounds that it did no more than alienate the Japanese.[7] References1. ^[https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-law/States-in-international-law#ref794950 States in international law], by Encyclopædia Britannica. 2. ^1 {{cite book|title=General principles of law as applied by international courts and tribunals|author=Bin Cheng, Georg (FRW) Schwarzenberger|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qE52nT_aD20C&pg=PA187&dq=ex+injuria+jus+non+oritur+stimson|isbn= 978-0-521-03000-7}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Stimson Doctrine, 1932|publisher=United States Department of State|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/16326.htm|accessdate=2009-05-02}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Baltic question during the Cold War|author1=John Hiden |author2=Vahur Made |author3=David J. Smith |year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jx4JQycHtnkC&pg=PA38&dq=stimson+doctrine+baltic+states+1940 |publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-37100-1}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776|author=George C. Herring|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&pg=PA489&dq=stimson+doctrine+depression | isbn=978-0-19-507822-0}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Reginald G. Bassett|title=Democracy and Foreign Policy|year=1968|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26I8h3K2j-cC&pg=PA75&dq=American+Government+deems+it+to+be+its+duty+to+notify+both+the+Imperial+Japanese+Government+and+the+Government+of+the+Chinese | isbn=978-0-7146-2209-5}} 7. ^{{cite book|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1988|author=Marc S. Gallicchio|title=The Cold War Begins in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCG_f4a_5ngC&pg=PA9&dq=stimson+doctrine+critics | isbn=978-0-231-06502-3}} Bibliography
7 : Foreign policy doctrines of the United States|United States foreign relations legislation|History of the United States (1918–45)|Soviet Union–United States relations|1933 in the United States|1933 in international relations|Japan–United States relations |
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