| 词条 | Patricia S. Cowings |
| 释义 |
|image=Patricia S Cowings NASA Publications Photo.jpg |caption=NASA photograph of Dr. Patricia S. Cowings |birth_name = Patricia S. Cowings |birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|12|15}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|The Bronx, New York City, New York, U.S.}} |parents ={{Plainlist |
}} |nationality = American |spouse = {{marriage|William B. Toscano |1980}} |education = State University of New York at Stony Brook (BA Psychology); University of California Davis (MA Psychology; Ph.D. Psychology) |occupation= Psychophysiology |awards={{hlist|Candace Award|NASA Individual Achievement Award|Black Engineer of the Year Award|AMES Honor Award for Technology Development|NASA Space Act Award for Invention|National Women of Color Technology Award|NASA Space Act Board Award|Ames African American Advisory Group's (AAAG) Achievement Award|Celestial Torch Award from the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) in Load Angeles}}}}Patricia S. Cowings (born 1948) is an aerospace psychophysiologist, and was the first African American woman scientist to be trained as an astronaut by NASA (though Sally Ride was the first American woman to fly in space).[1] Although she was an alternate for a space flight in 1979 she did not travel to space.[2] She is most well known for her studies in the physiology of astronauts in outer space, as well as helping find cures for astronaut's motion sickness.[3][4][5] Early life and familyCowings was born and raised in The Bronx, New York City on December 15, 1948. She is the only daughter of Sadie B. and Albert S. Cowings. Sadie was an assistant preschool teacher. Albert was a grocery store owner. She had three other brothers who went on to become a two-star army general, a jazz musician, and a freelance journalist. Her parents emphasized education as a "way of getting out of the Bronx."[6] EducationPatricia found her love for science at a young age. Patricia was involved in African dance and step and graduated with a bachelors is the arts. Psychology and later psychophysiology showed her how to enhance human potential. 'What better field is there than to study the animal who created all the other fields? Humans!' This love was further helped by her psychologist aunt, whom she considered a deep inspiration because she had earned a PhD. Taking an engineering class in grad school where she took part in designing a space shuttle helped launch her desire to work in the field of space technology.[7] CareerShe did most of her research at NASA Ames Research Center. There she developed and patented a physiological training system called Autogenic-Feedback Training Exercise (AFTE), which enables people to learn voluntary self-control of up to 24 bodily responses in six hours. Her work was first tested in 1985 for (STS 51-b & STS 51c) Spacelab-3 and the first DOD shuttle mission. She tested her AFTE training method also on the Space J-Lab Mission (the first Japanese shuttle mission), with her work focusing on ridding of the astronaut's motion sickness.[1][3] Later she trained four cosmonauts to control both motion sickness and low blood pressure after six-months in space aboard the MIR space station. She found success, and continued to teach people how to control motion sickness, improve performance of search & rescue pilots, and reduce symptoms of several patient populations suffering from nausea, dizziness and fainting. She has helped author several publications with her husband, William B. Toscano. They have a son, Christopher Michael Cowings Toscano, who traveled with them as they trained space crews. Today, she continues her work helping to prevent motion sickness for astronauts in space, as well as helping control motion sickness for their return home.[7] She is the principal investigator of Psychophysiological Research Laboratories at NASA Ames Research Center, and has held adjunct professorships in Psychiatry at UCLA and both medical and clinical psychology at the uniformed services university. (ARC).[1] Awards and honorsHer research and teaching has garnered her several awards, including:[3]
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Cowings|first1=Patricia|title=Patricia S. Cowings, Ph. D|url=http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/resources/featured-scientist/patricia-s-cowings-ph-d/|website=thebannekerinstitute.org|publisher=The Benjamin Banneker Institute for Science and Technology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412053014/http://www.thebannekerinstitute.org/resources/featured-scientist/patricia-s-cowings-ph-d/|archivedate=April 12, 2016}} {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowings, Patricia}}2. ^>{{cite web |website=American Psychological Association |title=Patricia Cowings, PhD, NASA psychopysiologist |url=http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2005/09/cover-cowings.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210202626/http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2005/09/cover-cowings.aspx |archivedate=February 10, 2015}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Wayne|first1=Tiffany|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|date=2011|publisher=ABC CLIO, LLC|location=130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116 1911|isbn=978 1 59884 158 9|pages=320–321}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24468213|title=Notable Black American women|publisher=Gale Research|others=Smith, Jessie Carney, 1930-, Phelps, Shirelle,|isbn=9780810391772|location=Detroit|oclc=24468213}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83610106|title=Encyclopedia of world scientists|last=1964-|first=Oakes, Elizabeth H.,|date=2007|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=9780816061587|edition= Rev|location=New York|oclc=83610106}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47013254|title=Distinguished African Americans in aviation and space science|last=1934-|first=Gubert, Betty Kaplan,|date=2002|publisher=Oryx Press|others=Sawyer, Miriam., Fannin, Caroline M.|isbn=9781573562461|location=Westport, Conn.|oclc=47013254}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Cowings|first1=Patricia|title=Meet: Patricia Cowings, PhD|url=http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/smore/team/pcowings.html|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA Quest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033343/http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/smore/team/pcowings.html |archivedate=March 5, 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=CANDACE AWARD RECIPIENTS 1982-1990, Page 2 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archivedate=March 14, 2003 }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |website=NASA Human Systems Integration Division |title=Patricia S. Cowings |url=https://humanfactors.arc.nasa.gov/organization/personnel_view.php?personnel_id=20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202174800/https://humanfactors.arc.nasa.gov/organization/personnel_view.php?personnel_id=20 |archivedate=December 2, 2016 }} 9 : 1948 births|Living people|African-American scientists|American physiologists|American women scientists|University of California, Davis alumni|NASA people|Stony Brook University alumni|University of California, Los Angeles faculty |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。