| 词条 | Patriotic Association of Myanmar |
| 释义 |
| name = Patriotic Association of Myanmar | native_name = {{my|အမျိုးသား ဘာသာ သာသနာ စောင့်ရှောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့}} {{my|သာသနဝံသပါလ}} | named_after = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = PAM (Ma Ba Tha) | motto = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = Dhamma Vaṃsānurakkhita Association of Myanmar | formation = {{start date|2014|01|15|df=y}} | founder = | founding_location = | extinction = {{end date and age|df=yes|2017|07}} | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Defending Burmese Theravada Buddhism, Buddhist nationalism Factions: Ultranationalism Anti-Islam Far-right politics | headquarters = Insein Township, Yangon Region, Myanmar | location = | coords = | region = | membership = | membership_year = | leader_title = Chairman | leader_name = Ywama Sayadaw Ashin Tilokabhivamsa | leader_title2 = Vice Chairman | leader_name2 = Ashin Wirathu | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organisation = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }} The Patriotic Association of Myanmar ({{lang-my|အမျိုးသား ဘာသာ သာသနာ စောင့်ရှောက်ရေး အဖွဲ့}}), abbreviated Ma Ba Tha ({{my|မဘသ}}) in Burmese and variously translated into English as Association for the Protection of Race and Religion, Organisation for the Protection of Race and Religion and Committee for the Protection of Nationality and Religion[1] is an ultra nationalist Buddhist organisation based in Myanmar (Burma).[2] Some PAB members are connected to the 969 Movement.[3] In May 2017, the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee, which regulates the Buddhist clergy, ordered the group disbanded. [4] The group renamed itself as the Buddha Dhamma Charity Foundation, which government officials was also outlawed, according to government officials.[5][6] EstablishmentOn 15 January 2014,[7] PAB was formally established at a large based conference of Buddhist monks in Mandalay, with the mission of defending Theravada Buddhism in Burma.[8] Its Pali name is Sāsana Vaṃsa Pāla ({{my|သာသနဝံသပါလ}}), which literally means "protector of race and Śāsana." PAB may have been formed in response to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's prohibition of the '969' emblem for political uses.[3][9] LeadershipPAB is led by a central committee composed of 52 members, including both senior scholar monks and nationalist monks.[10] Ashin Wirathu is a prominent member of PAB and is described as "the leader of the most extreme fringe" of the group.[11][12] PAB has extensive networks and chapters at state and township levels across Burma.[13] PAB is currently chaired by the Ywama Sayadaw Ashin Tilokabhivamsa.[14] Its headquarters are located Ywama Pariyatti Monastery (ရွာမပရိယတ္တိ စာသင်တိုက်), Insein Township, Yangon Region. Legislative lobbyingIn 2013, the Burmese Ministry of Religious Affairs drafted 4 controversial laws designed to regulate religious conversion and interfaith marriage, and enforce monogamy and population-control measures, based on draft texts proposed by PAB members.[12][15] In March 2015, the country's lower house, the Pyithu Hluttaw, approved two of the bills.[16] The first of the 4 laws, which regulates population-control measures, was enacted in May 2015.[17] CampaignsIn 2014, PAB members began a campaign against Ooredoo, a Qatar-based telecommunications company that had entered the country to build its cellular infrastructure.[13] In 2016 supporters of Ma Ba Tha campaigned against the Rohingya on Facebook.[18] See also
References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/10833-ma-ba-tha-monks-declare-political-independence.html|title=Ma Ba Tha monks declare political independence|last=Aung Kyaw Min |date=27 June 2014|work=Myanmar Times|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/03/12/buddhist-nationalism-threatens-myanmars-democratic-transition/|title=Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition|last=Nilsen|first=Marte|date=12 March 2015|work=East Asia Forum|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Walton|first=Matthew J.|author2=Hayward, Susan|title=Contesting Buddhist narratives : democratization, nationalism, and communal violence in Myanmar |publisher=East-West Center|location=Honolulu|date=2014|isbn=9780866382526|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10125/35836}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ban-05232017152958.html|title=Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar’s Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group|date=23 May 2017|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=14 June 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/ma-ba-tha-ordered-to-cease-all-activities-by-state-sangha-committee|title=Ma Ba Tha ordered to cease all activities by State Sangha Committee|last=Thu|first=Mratt Kyaw|work=Frontier Myanmar|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/ma-ba-tha-changes-name-still-officially-illegal.html|title=Ma Ba Tha Changes Name, Still Officially Illegal|last=Moe|first=Moe Kyaw|work=The Irrawaddy|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/2013-10-20-16-16-07/2013-11-01-01-48-27/item/17616-2014-01-16-03-34-03/17616-2014-01-16-03-34-03|title=မျိုးစောင့်ဥပဒေ အတည်ပြုပြဋ္ဌာန်းသည်ထိ ဆောင်ရွက်မည်ဟု သံဃာ့ညီလာခံ ထုတ်ပြန်|last=အောင်ကိုဦး|date=16 January 2014|work=Mizzima News|language=Burmese|accessdate=14 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615200112/http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/2013-10-20-16-16-07/2013-11-01-01-48-27/item/17616-2014-01-16-03-34-03/17616-2014-01-16-03-34-03|archivedate=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/buddhist-congress-01152014180734.html/|title=Myanmar Buddhist Monks Launch Group for 'Defending Religion'|date=15 January 2014|work=Radio Free Asia|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/buddhist-committees-969-prohibitions-prompts-meeting-of-movement-backers.html|title=Buddhist Committee's 969 Prohibitions Prompts Meeting of Movement Backers|last=May Sitt Paing|date=10 September 2013|work=The Irrawaddy|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Book_of_Keeping_the_Faith-2015-Myanmar_section.pdf|title=Keeping the Faith: A Study of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in ASEAN|work=Human Rights Resource Centre|publisher=University of Indonesia, Depok Campus|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Militant Buddhist monks are stoking sectarian tensions in Myanmar|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21726120-they-claim-muslim-minority-poses-mortal-threat-their-religion-militant-buddhist-monks-are|accessdate=11 August 2017|work=The Economist|date=10 August 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/05/29/burma-drop-draft-religion-law|title=Burma: Drop Draft Religion Law|date=29 May 2014|work=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CO14090.pdf|title=Myanmar's Rising Buddhist Nationalism: Impact on Foreign Investors|last=Nyi Nyi Kyaw|date=15 May 2014|work=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/11495-human-rights-less-important-than-nationalism-says-senior-monk.html|title=Human rights less important than 'nationalism': senior monk|last=Aung Kyaw Min|date=30 August 2014|work=Myanmar Times|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/12436-controversial-religion-bills-submitted-to-parliament.html|title=President signs off on religious bills|last=Ei Ei Toe Lwin|date=5 December 2014|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/lower-house-approves-two-race-and-religion-bills.html|title=Lower House Approves Two 'Race and Religion' Bills|last=Nobel Zaw|date=20 March 2015|work=The Irrawaddy|accessdate=13 June 2015}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16015&LangID=E|title=Myanmar: UN rights experts express alarm at adoption of first of four 'protection of race and religion' bills|date=27 May 2015|work=UN Human Rights|accessdate=14 June 2015}} 18. ^Safis, Michael, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/03/revealed-facebook-hate-speech-exploded-in-myanmar-during-rohingya-crisis Revealed: Facebook hate speech exploded in Myanmar during Rohingya crisis], The Guardian, 3 April 2018 External links
6 : Buddhist organisations based in Myanmar|2014 establishments in Myanmar|Organizations established in 2014|Violence against Muslims|Buddhist nationalism|Opposition to Islam in Myanmar |
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