| 词条 | Pavement milling |
| 释义 |
Pavement milling (cold planing, asphalt milling, or profiling) is the process of removing at least part of the surface of a paved area such as a road, bridge, or parking lot. Milling removes anywhere from just enough thickness to level and smooth the surface to a full depth removal. There are a number of different reasons for milling a paved area instead of simply repaving over the existing surface. PurposeRecycling of the road surface is one of the main reasons for milling a road surface. Milling is widely used for pavement recycling today, where the pavement is removed and ground up to be used as the aggregate in new pavement.[1] For asphalt surfaces the product of milling is reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), which can be recycled in the asphalt hot mix asphalt (pavement) by combining with new aggregate and asphalt cement (binder) or a recycling agent.[1] This reduces the impact that resurfacing has on the environment. Milling can also remove distresses from the surface, providing a better driving experience and/or longer roadway life. Some of the issues that milling can remove include:[2]
It can also be used to control or change the height of part or all of the road. This can be done to control heights and clearances of other road structures such as: curb reveals, manhole and catch basin heights, shoulder and guardrail heights, and overhead clearances.[2] It can also be done to change the slope or camber of the road or for grade adjustments which can help with drainage.[7] SpecialtySpecialty milling can be used to form rumble strips which are often used along highways.[8] Using milling instead of other methods, such as rolling them in, means that the rumble strips can be added at any time after the road surface has hardened.[8] Another example is to modify the roto-milling head to create slots in concrete slabs for the dowel bar retrofit process. The typical process is to saw cut and jackhammer out the slots for the dowels. Following dowel placement, the slots are then typically backfilled with a non-shrink concrete mixture, and the pavement is diamond-ground to restore smoothness. This special milling process shortens the time to create slots from the traditional method which is labor-intensive.[9] TypesThe Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association has defined five classes of cold planing that the Federal Highway Administration has recognized. The classes are:
Process and machineryMilling is performed by construction equipment called milling machines or cold planers. These machines use a large rotating drum to remove and grind the road surface. The drum consists of scrolls of tool holders.[2] The scrolls are positioned around the drum such that the ground pavement is moved toward the center and can be loaded onto the machine's conveyor belt.[2] The tool holders can wear out over time and can be broken while milling if highway structures like manholes are encountered while milling.[2] The tool holders on the drum hold carbide cutters.[2] The cutters can be removed and replaced as they wear out. The amount of wear (and therefore the interval between replacement) varies with the type and consistency of the material being milled; intervals can range from a few hours to several days.[2] The drum is enclosed in a housing/scrapper that is used to contain the milled material to be collected and deposited on the conveyor.[2] The spacing of the tool spirals around the drum affect the end surface of the road, with micro-milling having the tightest spacing.[2] The majority of milling machines use an up-cut setup which means that the drum rotates in the direction opposite that of the drive wheel or tracks, (i.e. work surface feeds into the cut).[10] The speed of the rotating drum should be slower than the forward speed of the machine for a suitable finished surface.[2] Modern machines generally use a front loading conveyor system that have the advantage of picking up any material that falls off the conveyor as milling progresses.[1] Water is generally applied to the drum as it spins, because of the heat generated during the milling process. Additionally, water helps control the dust created.[2] In order to control the depth, slopes, and profile of the final milled surface many millers now have automatic depth control using lasers, string-lines, or other methods to maintain milled surfaces to ±{{convert|5|mm|in|abbr=on}} of the target height.[7] Micro millingMicro milling is also known as carbide grinding. It is a lower cost alternative to diamond grinding of pavement.[2] Micro milling uses a specialty drum with three to four times as many cutting teeth than a standard milling drum.[11] Micro milling can be used either as the final surface[12] or as a treatment before applying a thin overlay.[11] Micro milling can be used to remove many of the same distresses that standard milling can remove, although usually to a shallower depth.[12] A micro milled surface has a uniform finish with reduced road noise compared to standard milling.[2] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Pavement Recycling Guidelines for State and Local Governments Participant's Reference Book|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling/98042/05.cfm|publisher=United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration|accessdate=22 November 2013}} {{Commons|:Category:Cold milling machines|Cold milling machine}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|title=Cold Planing|url=http://www.arra.org/presentations/cold_planing.pdf|publisher=Asphalt Reclaim & Recycling Association|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Raveling|url=http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/raveling/|publisher=Pavement Interactive|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Lawson|first=William|title=Maintenance Solutions for Bleeding and Flushed Pavements|url=http://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/Reports/Products/5230_P1.pdf|publisher=Texas Department of Transportation|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Asphalt Pavement Distress Summary|url=http://www.asphaltinstitute.org/public/engineering/maintenance_rehab/asphalt-pavement-distress-summary.dot|publisher=asphalt Institute|accessdate=22 November 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=WSAV Staff|title=3 Brothers Dead In Crash; Tanker Explosion|url=http://www.wsav.com/story/24036067/crash-and-explosion-reported-near-guyton|accessdate=23 November 2013|newspaper=WSAV|date=22 November 2013|author4=Ansley Christian|author2=Liz Buckthorpe|author3=Will Nunley}} 7. ^1 {{cite news|title=Cold Planing|url=http://www.aapa.asn.au/cms_files/worktips5.pdf|accessdate=22 November 2013|newspaper=Pavement Work Tips|date=July 1997|agency=Australian Asphalt Pavement Association}} 8. ^1 {{cite news|last=Butler|first=Kendal|title=Rumble strips keep drivers on the road|url=http://www.asphaltmagazine.com/news/detail.dot?id=bd3831ee-3f18-4639-912b-ea1312ac8575|accessdate=26 November 2013|newspaper=Asphalt: The Magazine of the Asphalt Institute|date=2013-06-19}} 9. ^{{cite journal|title=OKDOT Combines Pavement Rehabilitation Techniques|journal=Research & Technology Transporter|date=October 1999|publisher=Federal Highway Administration}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Better Roads Magazine|title=COLD PLANING STUDY|work=Asphalt Recycling & Reclaiming Association|publisher=Better Roads Magazine}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Dan|title=Fine-Mill Pavements for Smooth Thin Overlays|journal=Pavement Preservation Journal|date=Spring 2012|volume=5|issue=3|page=27|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/naylor/FPPQ0112/index.php?startid=27|accessdate=29 November 2013}} 12. ^1 {{cite news|last=Wisdom|first=Brooke|title=The Power of Milling|url=http://www.betterroads.com/the-power-of-milling/|accessdate=29 November 2013|newspaper=Better Roads}} 2 : Engineering vehicles|Road construction |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。