| 词条 | Pelican Lagoon |
| 释义 |
| name = Pelican Lagoon | image = Pelican lagoon and American River.JPG | image_size = | caption = Pelican Lagoon | pushpin_map = Australia South Australia | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in South Australia | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Kangaroo Island, South Australia | coords = {{coord|35|49|10|S|137|47|24|E|type:waterbody_region:AU_region:AU-SA|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = [1] | type = seawater lagoon | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Australia | length = {{convert|4.5|km|abbr=on}}.[2] | width = {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}}[2] | area = {{convert|1520|ha|abbr=on}}[3] | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}}[3] | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = sea water | shore = | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = Goanna Islet, Pig Islet, Rabbit Islet, Shag Rock, Samphire Islet, Wallaby Islet and several unnamed islands[3] | trenches = | benches = | cities = Pelican Lagoon[1] Muston[1] }} Pelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island about {{convert|18.7|km|abbr=off}} south east of Kingscote. It was named by Matthew Flinders on 4 April 1802 after the large population of pelicans present in its waters and adjoining shorelines. Its role as fishery hatchery had been identified by the early 20th century with the result that fishing in its waters has been restricted in varying degrees. Since 1971, the entire lagoon has been part of a marine protected area known as the American River Aquatic Reserve where all fishing and the collection of marine organisms is prohibited. DescriptionPelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon located about {{convert|2.9|km|abbr=off}} south of American River and about {{convert|18.7|km|abbr=off}} south east of Kingscote. The lagoon is bounded by Dudley Peninsula to the east, the main body of Kangaroo Island to the west, an isthmus connecting the above-mentioned bodies of land to the south and an unnamed peninsula to the north that separates it from Eastern Cove. The lagoon is connected to Eastern Cove in Nepean Bay by an inlet named American River.[4] Hog Bay Road which is the main road connecting Penneshaw to Kingscote passes on the east and south sides of the lagoon.[5][6][7][8] The lagoon itself consists of two branches - one on the east side and the other on the west side which was described as being the ‘southern branch’ by Flinders in 1802.[14] The lagoon is drained of water by tidal flow via a narrow channel of {{convert|3|to(-)|5|m|ft}} in depth and which passes through the west branch in order to reach the east branch. The tidal flow is reported as being as high as {{convert|3|kn|abbr=on}}.[3] The west branch has an average water depth of {{convert|0.9|m|abbr=off}} presumably at low water while the eastern branch has several deeper areas - the majority of its north side ranges in depth from {{convert|3|to(-)|9.9|m|ft}} and its south side has a number of deeper areas in the range of {{convert|1|to(-)|2.9|m|ft}}.[3] IsletsA number of islets are present within Pelican Lagoon. Six of these are named as follows (from east to west): Rabbit Islet, Goanna Islet, Pig Islet, Wallaby Islet, Shag Rock and Samphire Islet.[3] Flora and faunaFloraTerrestrialThe islands within the lagoon support heathlands dominated by Coastal Daisybush and Thyme Riceflower. The coastline enclosing the lagoon supports a range of vegetation types dominated by heathlands of Acacia leiophylla and Orthrosanthus multiflorus, herb lands of Senecio odoratus, coastal mallee scrub of Eucalyptus diversifolia, samphire flats and grazed grasslands.[7] Intertidal and sub tidalSamphire grows on the mud flats within the lagoon which are exposed at low water. The subtidal areas of the lagoon are dominated by the seagrass species of Heterozostera tasmanica and Posidonia australis. Various algae species are also present.[7] FaunaTerrestrialWaterbirds that use the lagoon include nine species that breed in the locality such as the chestnut teal, pied oystercatcher, sooty oystercatcher and caspian tern. Seventeen waterbird species are listed on international migratory treaties with sixteen listed on the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and seventeen listed on the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA).[7] As of 1996, Black tiger snakes were reported as being present on the islands within the lagoon.[9] Intertidal and sub tidalThe lagoon is reported as a breeding site for the little penguin.[7] The lagoon supports a number of marine animal species considered to be commercially valuable. These include sand crab, king scallop, queen scallop, razorfish (Pinna bicolor), southern calamari, flathead, King George whiting, leatherjacket, red mullet, snook, Southern Sea garfish, tommy ruff, trevally and Western Australian salmon.[10] The lagoon is also reported as being home for a pod of bottle-nosed dolphins.[7] HistoryEuropean discovery and useThe lagoon was discovered by Flinders on 4 April 1802 and was named in recognition of the large pelican population present at the time.[11] Since the establishment of South Australia, the lagoon has also been known as American River.[12] The islands within the lagoon were mined for guano under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.[13] As early as May 1905, fishing by the use of nets was prohibited both in Pelican Lagoon and adjoining waters in both American River and Eastern Cove.[14] As early as 1908, the role of ‘Pelican Lagoon on the American River’ as a hatchery area was acknowledged by the South Australian government via statements attributed to Mr. S. McIntosh, the then Deputy Chief Inspector of Fisheries.[15] By early 1925, the lagoon was reported as being closed to all types of fishing.[16] The islands within the lagoon first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.[17] Ports and other settlementsPelican Lagoon is bounded to the west by the locality of Muston and to the south and to the east by the locality of Pelican Lagoon which both include land zoned for residential accommodation[1][18] Protected area statusThe lagoon is associated with three protected areas. The first is the American River Aquatic Reserve which covers the entire lagoon.[5] The second is the Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park which includes five of the islands in the lagoon and much of the land on the peninsula to the north of the lagoon.[19] The third is the Encounter Marine Park.[20] The lagoon is also appears on a list of nationally important wetlands in South Australia as part of the ‘American River Wetland System’.[21] Citations and referencesCitations1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Search result for "Pelican Lagoon (Bay)" (Record no SA0054251) with the following layers selected - "Suburbs and Localities" |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/#|publisher=Government of South Australia |date= |accessdate=23 May 2016}} 2. ^1 DMH, 1985, chart 12. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 PIRSA, 2012, page 9 of 35. 4. ^BIA, 2005, page 186. 5. ^1 PIRSA, 2007. 6. ^Department of Environment and Planning, 1987, page 64. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 Australian Government Department of the Environment, after 1971, American River Marine and Coastal Area. 8. ^{{Gazetteer of Australia|name=American River |feature= SA0001180}} 9. ^Robinson et al, 1996, page 148. 10. ^PIRSA, 2012, page 14 of 35. 11. ^1 Flinders, 1814 (1966), pages 259-260. 12. ^{{cite web|title=General News|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article87414715|publisher=The Chronicle|accessdate=2 September 2014|pages=31–32|date=1 December 1917}} 13. ^Robinson et al, 1996, page 134. 14. ^{{cite web|title=Miscellaneous News, Protecting fish|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5045804|publisher=The Advertiser|accessdate=2 September 2014|page=7|date=5 May 1905}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=The fishing industry, facts and figures, superiority of South Australian fish|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5180710|publisher=The Advertiser|accessdate=2 September 2014|page=7|date=9 September 1908}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Fishing in American River|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63719599|publisher=The Register|accessdate=2 September 2014|page=14|date=4 March 1925}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED.|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1967/11.pdf |website=THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE |publisher=Government of South Australia|accessdate=5 February 2018|pages=961-962|date=16 March 1967}} 18. ^DPTI, 2014, pages 296-330 and 371-374 19. ^Department of Environment and Planning, 1987, pages 64-75. 20. ^{{cite web|title=Encounter Marine Park Management plan summary|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/b3e51be9-f461-47c9-b106-a11700a19006/mp-gen-15encounter-managementplan.pdf|publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources|accessdate=17 June 2014|page=31 of 39}} 21. ^Environment Australia, 2001, page 77. References
4 : Bays of South Australia|Kangaroo Island|DIWA-listed wetlands|Wetlands of South Australia |
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