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词条 Penile spines
释义

  1. Non-human mammals

  2. Humans

  3. Birds

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

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Many mammalian species have developed keratinized penile spines along the glans and/or shaft, which may be involved in sexual selection. These spines have been described as being simple, single-pointed structures (macaques) or complex with two or three points per spine (strepsirrhines).[1] Penile spine morphology may be related to mating system.[2][3]

Non-human mammals

{{further|Spotted hyena#Female genitalia|Fossa (animal)#External genitalia|Cat#Reproduction}}

Felines, especially domestic cats, are well known for having penile spines. Upon withdrawal of a cat's penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may serve as a trigger for ovulation.[4][5] Many other felid species have penile spines, but they are relatively small in jaguars and pumas, and do not occur in margays.[6]

Penile spines in chimpanzees and mice are small surface projections made by the piling up of keratinized cell layers in the outermost skin surface.[7][8] They also occur in wombats,[9] spotted hyenas,[10][11] fossas,[12] echidnas,[13] primates,[14][15][16] bats,[17] and several rodent species.[18] In galagos, penile spines may form a "genital lock" during copulation.[19]

Humans

In contrast to chimpanzees, a common morphological variant found in humans called Hirsuties coronae glandis, or pearly penile papules, are substantially larger, appear to be an outpocketing of both surface and underlying connective tissue layers, and lack the rich innervation seen in other animals.[20][21] These are sometimes described as vestigial remnants of penile spines.[7] However, the relationship between the structures is still uncertain.[22]

In the primate line, a regulatory DNA sequence associated with the formation of small keratinized penile spines was lost. This simplification of penis anatomy may be associated with the sexual habits of humans.[23] In some species which retain the full expression of penile spines, penile spines contribute to increased sexual sensation and quicker orgasms.[24] An hCONDEL (highly conserved region of DNA that contains deletions in humans) located near the locus of the androgen receptor gene may be responsible for the loss of penile spines in humans.[23]

Birds

The penises of some bird species feature spines and brush-like filaments.[25]

See also

  • Fordyce spots
  • Sexual conflict#Spiky genitals
  • Lion#Reproduction and life cycle

References

1. ^{{cite book |author = Alan F. Dixson |title = Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SY-PyKNQglIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=spines&f=false |accessdate = 27 September 2013 |date = 26 January 2012 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-954464-6 }}
2. ^Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patricia_Brennan3/publication/304714253_All_Features_Great_and_Small-the_Potential_Roles_of_the_Baculum_and_Penile_Spines_in_Mammals/links/57805fa708ae9485a439c150.pdf All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals.]" Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.
3. ^Stockley, P. "[https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/mbe/pdf/02_StockleyEE.pdf Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines.]" Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.
4. ^{{cite book |author1 = Virginia Douglass Hayssen |author2 = Ari Van Tienhoven |title = Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yQzSe71g2AcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=spines&f=false |accessdate = 27 September 2013 |year = 1993 |publisher = Cornell University Press |isbn = 978-0-8014-1753-5 }}
5. ^{{Cite journal |title = Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations |last = Aronson |first = L. R. |last2 = Cooper |first2 = M. L. |journal = Anat. Rec. |year = 1967 |volume = 157 |issue = 1 |pages = 71–78 |pmid = 6030760 |doi = 10.1002/ar.1091570111 |url = http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170620212227/http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |archivedate = 2017-06-20 |df = }}
6. ^Swanson, W. F., et al. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosana_Morais/publication/229648443_Reproductive_status_of_endemic_felid_species_in_Latin_American_Zoos_and_implications_for_ex_situ_conservation/links/0deec5161a84601b52000000.pdf Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation]." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.
7. ^1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)
8. ^Murakami, R. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1261796/pdf/janat00179-0222.pdf A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice]. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)
9. ^Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.
10. ^Drea, C. M., et al. "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691120/pdf/12396496.pdf Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating]." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.
11. ^{{cite book|author=R. F. Ewer|title=The Carnivores|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IETMd3-lSlkC&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q=penis&f=false|accessdate=23 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8493-3|page=116}}
12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Köhncke | first1 = M. | last2 = Leonhardt | first2 = K. | title = Cryptoprocta ferox | journal = Mammalian Species | issue = 254 | pages = 1–5 | year = 1986 | url = http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-254-01-0001.pdf | accessdate = 19 May 2010| doi = 10.2307/3503919 | jstor = 3503919 }}
13. ^{{cite book|author1=Larry Vogelnest|author2=Rupert Woods|title=Medicine of Australian Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lWbgqMsyq8UC&q=penis|accessdate=23 July 2013|date=18 August 2008|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-09928-9}}
14. ^Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.1994.0007 Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates]." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.
15. ^Dixson, A. F. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Dixson/publication/230099068_Observations_on_the_evolution_of_the_genitalia_and_copulatory_behaviour_in_male_primates/links/5566421208aefcb861d198dd.pdf Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates. ]" Journal of Zoology 213.3 (1987): 423-443.
16. ^{{cite book|author1=L. Alterman|author2=Gerald A. Doyle|author3=M.K. Izard|title=Creatures of the Dark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U_uBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=(penis%20OR%20penile)%20spines&f=false|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4757-2405-9}}
17. ^{{cite book|author1=Elizabeth G. Crichton|author2=Philip H. Krutzsch|title=Reproductive Biology of Bats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1aNgZwGsYoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=penis%20spines&f=false|date=12 June 2000|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-054053-5}}
18. ^Dewsbury, Donald A. "[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03333609.pdf On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents]." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.
19. ^Dixson, A. F. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan_Dixson/publication/226490834_Sexual_selection_genital_morphology_and_copulatory_behavior_in_male_Galagos/links/54e154a70cf24d184b10c607/Sexual-selection-genital-morphology-and-copulatory-behavior-in-male-Galagos.pdf Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos.]" International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.
20. ^Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)
21. ^Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)
22. ^Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans
23. ^1 McLean, CY, PL Reno, AA Pollen, AI Bassan, TD Capellini, C Guenther, VB Indjeian, X Lim, DB Menke, BT Schaar, AM Wenger, G Bejerano, and DM Kingsley. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific trait. Nature 471: 216-219 (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071156/]
24. ^Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution
25. ^{{cite book|author=Frank B. Gill|title=Ornithology|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zM0tG5ApO0UC&pg=PA414&q=penis|accessdate=5 December 2012|date=6 October 2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-7167-4983-7|pages=414–}}

External links

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4 : Felidae anatomy|Mammal male reproductive system|Mammal penis|Penis
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