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词条 Penn State child sex abuse scandal
释义

  1. Background

  2. Criminal prosecutions

      Investigation    Victim 1    Victim 2   Other victims    Locations of assaults    Indictments    Commonwealth v. Sandusky    Trial    Verdict    Sentencing    Commonwealth v. Curley, Schultz, and Spanier  

  3. Reactions

      Media    The Second Mile    Penn State    Ousting of Spanier, Curley, Paterno, and Schultz   Freeh report   Other actions  Penn State students  NCAA   Initial sanctions    Sanctions rescinded   Debate over suspension of the football program 

  4. Civil lawsuits and subsequent developments

     Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association Insurance  McQueary vs. Penn State  Fines for Clery Act Violations 

  5. Impact

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}

The Penn State child sex abuse scandal started with Jerry Sandusky, an assistant coach for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team, engaging in sexual abuse of children over a period of at least 15 years. Sandusky had located and groomed victims through his charity organization, The Second Mile. The scandal broke in early November 2011 when Sandusky was indicted on 52 counts of child molestation. Although Sandusky's abuse may have begun in the 1970s, he was charged with abuse that occurred between 1994 and 2009.[1] Additionally, three Penn State school officials (school president Graham Spanier, vice president Gary Schultz and athletic director Tim Curley) were charged with perjury, obstruction of justice, failure to report suspected child abuse, and related charges.[2] Shortly after the scandal broke, Spanier resigned. The Penn State Board of Trustees terminated the contracts of Curley and of the longtime head football coach, Joe Paterno.

Sandusky's criminal trial began on June 11, 2012, at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania.[3][4] He maintained his innocence.[5] Of the 52 charges, 4 charges were initially dropped, leaving 48. On June 22, 2012, Sandusky was convicted of 45 counts of sexual abuse.[6] Sandusky was sentenced on October 9, 2012, to a minimum of 30 years and a maximum of 60 years in prison.[7]

The Board of Trustees commissioned an independent investigation by former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director Louis Freeh and his law firm. The Freeh Report stated that Spanier and Paterno, along with Curley and Schultz, had known about allegations of child abuse on Sandusky's part as early as 1998, and were complicit in failing to disclose them. Freeh found a "total and consistent disregard by the most senior leaders at Penn State for the safety and welfare of Sandusky's child victims", which "empowered" Sandusky to continue his abuse.[8]{{rp|14}}[8][9]

The Freeh Report had severe outcomes for Penn State. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) used the Freeh Report in lieu of its own investigation to impose sanctions on the Penn State football program. On July 23, 2012, the NCAA imposed a $60 million fine, four-year postseason ban, scholarship reductions, and vacated all victories from 1998 to 2011.[10] These sanctions were considered to be among the most severe ever imposed on an NCAA member school. NCAA President Mark Emmert stated that the sanctions were levied "not to be just punitive, but to make sure the university establishes an athletic culture and daily mindset in which football will never again be placed ahead of educating, nurturing and protecting young people."[11][13] The Big Ten Conference subsequently imposed an additional $13 million fine.[14]

An investigation led by former U.S. Attorney General Richard Thornburgh, who was retained by the Paterno family to review the Freeh report,[15] concluded that the report that placed so much blame on Penn State and Paterno was a "rush to injustice" that could not be relied upon.[12] He found that not only did the evidence "fall far short" of showing Paterno attempted to conceal the Sandusky scandal, but rather that "the contrary is true".[13] In January 2013, State senator Jake Corman and state treasurer Rob McCord launched a lawsuit against the NCAA to overturn the sanctions on Penn State on the basis that Freeh had been actively collaborating with the NCAA and that due process had not been followed. In November 2014, state Sen. Jake Corman released emails showing "regular and substantive" contact between NCAA officials and Freeh's investigators, suggesting that the Freeh conclusions were orchestrated.[14] As part of the settlement, the NCAA reversed its decision on January 16, 2015, and restored the 111 wins to Paterno's record.[15][16]

{{As of|2012|November}}, two other investigations were ongoing: a federal criminal probe by the local United States Attorney launched shortly after the discovery of Sandusky's crimes, and a separate probe from the Department of Education into whether Penn State responded to the incident properly and reported it in accordance with federal law.[21][22] On July 30, 2013, Spanier, Schultz, and Curley were ordered by Judge William Wenner to stand trial.[17]

On January 22, 2016, some of the charges against Curley, Schultz, and Spanier were dropped due to the violation of their rights to legal representation. In March 2017, the investigation ended when all three either pleaded or were found guilty of misdemeanor charges of child endangerment.[18] Conspiracy charges against Curley and Schultz were dropped, and Spanier was acquitted of conspiracy, the charges central to Louis Freeh's allegation of a cover-up.[19][20] In June 2017, all three were sentenced to jail terms, fines, and probation.[21] Spanier, who is appealing the verdict, was sentenced to four to twelve months in jail, a $7,500 fine, and two years of probation.[22]

Background

Jerry Sandusky was an assistant coach for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team from 1969 to 1999.[23] For the last 23 of those years, he was the team's defensive coordinator.[24] In 1977, Sandusky founded The Second Mile in State College, Pennsylvania. The Second Mile was a charity formed to help disadvantaged youth.

[25] Sandusky retired from the organization in 2010.[23] In 1998, he was investigated for sexual abuse of a child but no charges were filed.[26] Sandusky was considered for spearheading the startup of a football program at Penn State Altoona in 1998–99, but the idea was scrapped and he retired in 1999.[27] After his retirement as Penn State's defensive coordinator, he remained a coach emeritus with an office in and access to Penn State's football facilities per his employment contract.[28]

Criminal prosecutions

Investigation

In Pennsylvania, the purpose of the grand jury is to recommend charges. The grand jury hears cases in full but does not have the authority to indict.[29] In the case of Jerry Sandusky, the grand jury investigation began in 2009 under Attorney General and eventual Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett. This was Pennsylvania's 30th Statewide Investigating Grand Jury. They subpoenaed records from both Penn State and the Second Mile and heard testimony from Victim 1 (Aaron Fisher), Mike McQueary, Joe Paterno, Tim Curley, Gary Schultz, Victim 7, Graham Spanier, Victim 4, and Ronald Petrosky (PSU janitor).[37] This grand jury did not recommend indictment.

Attorney General Linda Kelly prepared a presentment which included credibility determinations about the testimonies received before the first grand jury for the second grand jury. The 33rd Statewide Investigating Grand Jury continued looking into the investigation. This grand jury heard testimony from Victim 3,[37] Victim 5, and Victim 6. Kelly said that during the investigation there was an "uncooperative atmosphere" from some of the officials.[39]

Victim 1

The investigation was initiated in the spring of 2008 after Aaron Fisher (identified in court papers as "Victim 1"), then a freshman at Central Mountain High School in Mill Hall, Pennsylvania, reported that Sandusky had been molesting him since he was 12 years old.[30]

Fisher met Sandusky through The Second Mile in 2005 or 2006[23] when Sandusky began having a relationship with Fisher involving "inappropriate touching".[31] At the time of the alleged actions, Sandusky was volunteering as an assistant high school football coach at Central Mountain High School where the assaults took place.[32]

Victim 2

Mike McQueary, then a graduate assistant and later assistant coach at Penn State, initially testified on December 14, 2010 to Pennsylvania's 30th Statewide Investigating Grand Jury.[33] He again testified on December 16, 2011, at the trial of Curley and Schultz that he was in the Lasch Football Building on the University Park campus on a Friday night in March 2002. In this testimony, McQueary got the month and year wrong. On May 7, 2012, the Attorney General's office corrected the date of the incident to February 2001, estimating it occurred on or about February 9.[34] McQueary testified he heard slapping sounds and saw Sandusky directly behind a boy whose hands were up on the wall in the men's shower room.[35] McQueary was distraught, left the building, and subsequently called his father John McQueary, who told Mike to come over to his house right away and talk to him.[36]

While Mike McQueary was on the way to his father's, John McQueary called Dr. Jonathan Dranov, his boss and family friend, seeking his advice.[37] As President of Centre Medical and Surgical Associates, Dranov was a mandated reporter in the state of Pennsylvania.[38] Dr. Dranov testified that he questioned Mike three times about what McQueary saw, and each time McQueary kept going back to what he heard.[39] Because there was no clear crime witnessed by McQueary, Dr. Dranov and John McQueary recommended McQueary talk to head football coach Joe Paterno.[40]

On Saturday morning, McQueary called Paterno to arrange a meeting, and the two met at Paterno's home later that same morning. McQueary testified he gave a rough report of what he had seen but that, out of respect, he did not share more intimate details.[41] Paterno left for Pittsburgh to attend an awards ceremony shortly after meeting with McQueary[42] and did not return to State College until late Saturday night or Sunday morning. On Sunday morning, Paterno called then athletic director Timothy Curley regarding the incident. Curley, along with then university Senior Vice President for Finance and Business Gary Schultz, both went to Paterno's home that same day, and Paterno told them what McQueary had reported to him and advised them that because McQueary had not provided details to Paterno, he recommended that they speak directly to McQueary. In his grand jury testimony, Paterno said that he was only told about Sandusky "fondling or doing something of a sexual nature" to the victim.[43]

On Monday, Curley and Schultz reported the incident to Graham Spanier, who was President of Penn State University at the time. Spanier told them to meet with the graduate assistant. He was not told the identity of this person to be McQueary. Nine or ten days later (the exact date is unknown), McQueary received a phone call from Curley regarding the incident and set up a meeting with Curley and Schultz in the Bryce Jordan Center either that same afternoon or the next day to go over the details of what had happened in the shower room.[44] Curley and Schultz both denied having been told about alleged anal intercourse. Curley denied that McQueary reported anything of a sexual nature whatsoever and described the conduct as merely "horsing around". Graham Spanier likewise testified that he was only apprised of an incident involving Sandusky and a younger child "horsing around in the shower".[43]

Curley then met with Sandusky and told him he was not to be using Penn State's athletic facilities with any young people, and Curley reported the incident to Jack Raykovitz,[45] who as the CEO of The Second Mile (a state-licensed charity for disadvantaged youth established by Sandusky) was a mandated reporter and also Sandusky's boss at the time.[46] The Second Mile fell under the direct supervision and authority of Pennsylvania's Department of Public Welfare and was a contractor of the local county office of Children and Youth Services. Raykovitz was also a highly trained professional on handling such allegations. Raykovitz reported the incident to two Board Members of The Second Mile, Bruce Heim, and Bob Poole, and told Sandusky to wear shorts in the shower in the future.

Despite Penn State banning Sandusky from bringing boys onto the main campus in 2002, he was allowed to operate a summer camp through his Sandusky Associates company[47] from 2002 to 2008 at Penn State's Behrend satellite campus near Erie, where he had daily contact with boys from fourth grade to high school.[48]

Other victims

One child's mother reported an incident to Penn State police when he came home with his hair wet. After an investigation by Detective Ronald Shreffler, Centre County District Attorney Ray Gricar chose not to prosecute. Shreffler testified before the grand jury that director of the campus police, Thomas Harmon, told him to drop the case. University police eavesdropped on conversations during which the mother confronted Sandusky about the incident. He admitted to showering with other boys and refused to discontinue the practice. Gricar was not available to testify, as he had disappeared in 2005.[43][49]

Victims also commonly reported that Sandusky would place his hand on their thighs or inside the waistband of their underpants. Two recounted oral sex with Sandusky, sometimes culminating in his ejaculation.[43] Penn State janitor James Calhoun reportedly observed Sandusky performing oral sex on an unidentified boy in 2000, but Calhoun in 2012 was in a nursing home suffering from dementia; he was deemed not competent to testify.[43]

Locations of assaults

According to the grand jury testimony, the assaults took place:

  • In Sandusky's basement,[50]
  • At a victim's high school,[51]
  • In Sandusky's car,[52]
  • In the Lasch Football Building on Penn State's University Park campus,[53]
  • Toftrees Golf Resort and Conference Center,[54]
  • The East Area Locker Rooms on PSU campus,[55] and
  • A hotel room in Texas.[56]

At least 20 of the incidents were said to have taken place while Sandusky was still employed by Penn State.[57]

{{update|date=April 2014}}

Indictments

On November 4, 2011, Pennsylvania Attorney General Linda Kelly indicted Sandusky on 40 counts of sex crimes against young boys, following a three-year investigation. Sandusky was arrested on November 5 and charged with seven counts of involuntary deviant sexual intercourse, as well as eight counts of corruption of minors, eight counts of endangering the welfare of a child, seven counts of indecent assault, and other offenses.[58]

Senior vice president Gary Schultz and Athletic Director Tim Curley were found to be not credible by the grand jury. The two administrators were charged with grand jury perjury and failure to report suspected child abuse. The indictment accused Curley and Schultz of not only failing to tell the police, but falsely telling the grand jury that Mike McQueary never informed them of sexual activity.[23][24][59][60] Sandusky was then released on $250,000 bail pending trial.[61][62] Curley and Schultz appeared in a Harrisburg courtroom on November 7, where a judge set bail at $75,000 and required them to surrender their passports.[63]

Penn State officially banned Sandusky from campus on November 6, 2011.[64] Later that day, Curley was placed on administrative leave, and Schultz resigned to go back into retirement.[65]

After the charges came to light, former President Graham Spanier issued a statement in which he said Curley and Schultz had his unconditional support, and saying they "operate at the highest levels of honesty."[66] Spanier was criticized for expressing support for Curley and Schultz, and failing to express any concern for Sandusky's alleged victims.[24]

Congressman Pat Meehan (R-PA07) asked U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan to probe whether Penn State violated the Clery Act when it failed to report Sandusky's alleged incidents of child molestation that took place on campus. Duncan announced an investigation into possible Clery Act violations at Penn State, saying that colleges and universities have "a legal and moral responsibility to protect children", and that Penn State's failure to report the alleged abuse would be a "tragedy".[67] The investigation, which began on November 28, could result in fines or the loss of federal student aid if the university were to be found in violation.[68] Officials in San Antonio, Texas also began investigating whether Sandusky molested one of the victims at the 1999 Alamo Bowl.[69]

Sandusky was arrested again at his residence on December 7, 2011, on additional charges of sexual abuse.[70]

On February 24, 2012, The Patriot-News reported that Peter J. Smith, the United States Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, was conducting a federal criminal investigation into the scandal. This probe was separate from the Clery Act investigation. According to a Penn State spokeswoman, Smith subpoenaed the school for information about Spanier, Sandusky, Curley, Schultz and the Second Mile. An official with the Second Mile said that Smith subpoenaed information about Sandusky's travel records just days after Sandusky's arrest. According to the grand jury indictment, Sandusky was accused of molesting boys at both the 1999 Alamo Bowl in San Antonio and the 1999 Outback Bowl in Tampa, Florida.[71] Although federal authorities would have jurisdiction in the case since Sandusky was accused of taking the boys across state lines, three former prosecutors interviewed by The Patriot-News believed that the federal investigation did not appear to be focusing on Sandusky's alleged crimes. Instead, based on the subpoena, the federal probe seemed to be focusing on a possible cover-up by school officials.[72]

Commonwealth v. Sandusky

Trial

During the Sandusky trial, an accuser and Sandusky's wife Dottie both testified about the Alamo Bowl incident. The accuser said Sandusky was attempting to negotiate oral sex with him in the bathroom while Sandusky's wife was in the apartment and that she came to the "edge" of the bathroom for a few words with Sandusky including "What are you doing in there?" Mrs. Sandusky said her husband was having a disagreement, including yelling, with the boy — whom she said was in the bathroom, but "clothed" — about attending a luncheon. She went on to characterize the boy as "very demanding. ... And he was very conniving. And he wanted his way, and he didn't listen a whole lot." Mrs. Sandusky testified when it was still uncertain whether her husband would testify.[73] Though Sandusky's defense attorney Joe Amendola had said on the opening day of the trial that Sandusky would testify,[74] Amendola ultimately rested the case without calling Sandusky to testify in his own defense.[75]

Verdict

On the evening of June 22, 2012, the jury reached its verdict, finding Sandusky guilty on 45 of the 48 counts against him.[76][77] Following the announcement of the verdict, Judge John Cleland immediately revoked Sandusky's bail and ordered him to be taken into custody to await sentencing. Sandusky continued to maintain his innocence even after being convicted.[78] His attorneys filed a notice to appeal the conviction.[79]

Sentencing

Sandusky faced a maximum sentence of 442 years in prison.[80] According to NBC News, Sandusky likely faced a minimum sentence of 60 years – at his age, effectively a life sentence.[81] Sentencing was scheduled for October 9, 2012.[82] At that same hearing, prosecutors requested to the court that Sandusky be declared a sexually violent predator under Pennsylvania's version of Megan's Law, which would subject him to stringent reporting requirements if he is released. Sandusky would not only have to report his address to police every three months for the rest of his life, but would also have to participate in a court-approved counseling program. However, this designation will likely be symbolic since Sandusky will almost certainly die in prison.[83] Earlier, on August 30, the Pennsylvania Sexual Offenders Assessment Board recommended that Sandusky be declared a sexually violent predator.[84]

On the day of sentencing, Sandusky was officially designated a sexually violent predator.[85] Sandusky was sentenced on October 9, 2012, to a minimum of 30 years and a maximum of 60 years in prison. Judge John Cleland stated that he intentionally avoided a sentence with a large number of years, saying it would be "too abstract" and also said to Sandusky that the sentence he handed down had the "unmistakable impact of saying 'the rest of your life'."[7]

Commonwealth v. Curley, Schultz, and Spanier

On November 1, 2012, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and NBC News, citing sources close to the investigation, reported that Spanier would be formally charged for his alleged role related to Sandusky's crimes.[86][87] Later that day, Kelly announced that as part of a superseding indictment, Spanier, Curley and Schultz had been charged with grand jury perjury, conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and child endangerment in connection with the scandal. Spanier faced eight charges, three of which were felonies.[88] A criminal docket was filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.[89]

Preliminary hearings for Tim Curley and Gary Schultz were held on December 16, 2011.[90] Prosecution presented several witnesses. Mike McQueary took the stand again and testified that, on the night of the 2002 incident, he saw a 10- to 12-year-old Caucasian boy standing upright in the shower, facing the wall, and Jerry Sandusky directly behind him, with Sandusky's hands wrapped around the boy's "waist or midsection". McQueary estimated that the boy was roughly a foot shorter than Sandusky. He further stated that he "did not see insertion nor was there any verbiage or protest, screaming or yelling" and denied ever using the words "anal" or "rape" to describe the incident to anybody.[91]

On March 24, 2017, Graham Spanier was found guilty of one charge of child endangerment and not guilty of the second charge of child endangerment or conspiracy. Tim Curley and Gary Schultz had previously pleaded guilty to misdemeanor child endangerment charges and testified at Spanier's trial in exchange for all other charges, including conspiracy, being dropped.[92]

On June 2, 2017, Graham Spanier, Gary Schultz and Timothy Curley were sentenced to prison by Senior Judge John Boccabella. "Why no one made a phone call to the police...is beyond me. Why Mr. Sandusky was allowed to continue to use the Penn State facilities is beyond me," Boccabella said. Spanier was sentenced to 4 to 12 months with 2 months in jail and 4 months house arrest, followed by 2 years of probation and a $7,500 fine. Curley was sentenced to a 7 to 23-month jail term, with 4 months of it as house arrest, followed by 2 years of probation and a $5,000 fine. Schultz was sentenced to a 6 to 23-month jail term also with 4 months of it as house arrest, followed by 2 years of probation and a $5,000 fine.[93]

Reactions

Media

The Patriot-News of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was the first to report on the grand jury investigation, in March 2011.[94] The story did not receive much attention outside of the immediate area,[95] and many readers at the time assailed the newspaper for impugning Sandusky's and Penn State's reputations.[96] After the charges against Sandusky were filed, the newspaper was vindicated and in April 2012 crime reporter Sara Ganim and members of The Patriot-News staff were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting for their coverage of the scandal.[97]

Under Pennsylvania law of the time, any state employee who learned about suspected child abuse was required to report the incident to his immediate supervisor. In the case of the 2002 incident, McQueary reported the incident to his immediate supervisor, Paterno. In turn, Paterno reported the incident to his immediate supervisor, Curley, and also reported it to Gary Schultz, to whom the University Police Department directly reported. For these reasons, Paterno and McQueary were not implicated in any criminal wrongdoing, since they did what they were legally required to do.[43][98][99][100] However, once the incident came to light, Paterno was criticized for not going beyond the law to report the incident to police, or, at least, seeing to it that it was reported.[101] Several advocates[102] for victims of sexual abuse argued that Paterno should have faced charges for not going to the police himself when it was apparent Penn State officials were unwilling to act.[103]

After McQueary was identified as the graduate assistant who reported the 2002 incident, he was criticized for not intervening to protect the boy from Sandusky (an accusation McQueary has since disputed[104]), as well as for not reporting the incident to police himself.

[105][106] On November 7, Pennsylvania State Police Commissioner Frank Noonan said that though some may have fulfilled their legal obligation to report suspected abuse, "somebody has to question about what I would consider the moral requirements for a human being that knows of sexual things that are taking place with a child." Noonan added that anyone who knows about suspected abuse, "whether you're a football coach or a university president or the guy sweeping the building," has "a moral responsibility to call us."[107] Paterno said McQueary informed him that "he had witnessed an incident in the shower ... but he at no time related to me the very specific actions contained in the Grand Jury report."[108] Paterno was uncertain if being more graphic would have made a difference. "And to be frank with you I don't know that it would have done any good, because I never heard of, of, rape and a man," said Paterno.[109][110] When he read the presentment after it became public, he asked his son, "What is sodomy, anyway?"[111]

Further, following reports of the arrests, criticism of Penn State leadership and Paterno himself included calls for their dismissal for allegedly "protecting Penn State's brand instead of a child"[112][113] and allowing Sandusky to retain emeritus status and unfettered access to the university's football program and facilities, despite knowledge of the allegations of sexual abuse.[24] In an interview with New York City radio station WFAN, sports reporter Kim Jones, a Penn State alumna, stated that, "I can't believe [Paterno's] heart is that black, where he simply never thought about [Sandusky's 2002 incident] again and never thought about those poor kids who were looking for a male mentor, a strong man in their life."[114] Former sports commentator Keith Olbermann called for Paterno to be immediately fired, saying that "he failed all of the kids—the kid kids and the player kids—he purported to be protecting."[115] In an editorial for the Centre Daily Times, literary critic Robert Bernard Hass, a Penn State alumnus, compared Joe Paterno's downfall to a Greek tragedy and suggested that despite Paterno's many good deeds, pride and age contributed to his failure to report the incident to police.[116]

The Patriot-News of Harrisburg published a rare full-page, front-page editorial in its November 8, 2011, edition, calling for the immediate resignation of Penn State President Graham Spanier; it also called for this to be Joe Paterno's last season.[117] The same day, an editorial in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called for the resignations of both Joe Paterno and his assistant coach Mike McQueary.[118]

On November 14, Sandusky gave his first interview after being arrested. In a phone interview with NBC's Bob Costas on Rock Center with Brian Williams, Sandusky denied the allegations, though he admitted showering with boys and inadvertently touching them "without intent of sexual contact".[5] The interview received substantial coverage in the media, particularly regarding the manner in which Sandusky answered Costas when asked if he was sexually attracted to young boys:[119][120][121]

{{blockquote|COSTAS: "Are you sexually attracted to young boys, to underage boys?"

SANDUSKY: "Am I sexually attracted to underage boys?"

COSTAS: "Yes."

SANDUSKY: "Sexually attracted, you know, I enjoy young people. I love to be around them. But no, I'm not sexually attracted to young boys."
[122][123]}}

The day of the interview, Sandusky's lawyer claimed that he was able to track down Victim 2 and that, according to the child, the incident did not occur as described by McQueary.[124] However, in the days following the interview, several potential victims contacted State College lawyer Andy Shubin to tell their stories, with one claiming Sandusky had abused him in the 1970s.[1][125]

The media began to run various accounts of Penn State,[125][126][127][128] as well as the "cult of personality" and power of Joe Paterno.[129][130][131][132] Former employees of Penn State, including a former vice president of student affairs, Vickey Triponey,[133][134] and a former football grad assistant, Matt Paknis, himself a child abuse survivor who noticed but failed to report Sandusky's behavior,[135][136] stepped forward to critique the power and influence of the school's football program. Further stories detailed the loss of sponsorships,[137] the damage to Penn State's merchandise sales,[138] brand,[139] student admissions,[140][141] and the impact of the scandal on recent graduates.[142][143]

Sandusky granted his first interview for television since his conviction to be broadcast on NBC's "Today" show on March 25, 2013.[144]

On December 3, 2014, KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh reported that Sandusky received a letter from Penn State asking to renew his season ticket plan for the football team and attend a "recruiting" trip to a Penn State basketball game. The letter was reportedly sent out in error.[145]

The Second Mile

{{main|The Second Mile}}

Jack Raykovitz, the longtime president and CEO of The Second Mile, announced his resignation on November 14.[146] In addition, the United States Congressional program Angels in Adoption, subsequently rescinded its earlier 2002 award to Sandusky for his work with The Second Mile "in light of the serious allegations against him, and to preserve the integrity of the Angels in Adoption program."[147][148]

Penn State

The allegations have impacted personnel and operations for Penn State. Penn State has responded in various ways.

Ousting of Spanier, Curley, Paterno, and Schultz

On November 8, 2011, Spanier canceled Paterno's weekly Tuesday news conference, citing legal concerns. It was to have been the coach's first public appearance since Sandusky's arrest. Paterno reported that Spanier canceled the press conference without providing Paterno with an explanation.[149] That same day, The New York Times reported that Penn State was planning Paterno's exit at the close of the college football season. Based on interviews with two individuals briefed on conversations among top university officials, the Times reported: "The Board of Trustees has yet to determine the precise timing of Mr. Paterno's exit, but it is clear that (he) will not coach another season."[150]

The following day, Associated Press reported that Paterno had decided to retire at the end of the 2011 football season, saying that he didn't want to be a distraction.[151] In a statement announcing his retirement, Paterno said, "It is one of the great sorrows of my life. With the benefit of hindsight, I wish I had done more."[152]

On the afternoon of November 9, The Express-Times of Easton, Pennsylvania, reported that the board had given Spanier an ultimatum—resign before that night's meeting or be fired.[153][154] At that night's meeting, Spanier offered his immediate resignation. The board accepted it and named provost Rodney Erickson as interim president.[155] Several Penn State sources told StateCollege.com and The Patriot-News that Spanier and Board of Trustees vice chairman John Surma mutually agreed that the best way forward for all involved would be for Spanier to resign "voluntarily and with grace."[156][157]

At the same meeting, the board turned down Paterno's proposal to finish out the season and instead stripped him of his coaching duties immediately; defensive coordinator Tom Bradley was named the interim coach for the remainder of the season.[158][159][160][161] During the week after Paterno's firing, the Big Ten Conference removed his name from the championship trophy for its conference championship game, renaming it the Stagg Championship Trophy. The inaugural game was scheduled for December 2011, and the trophy was originally named the Stagg-Paterno Championship Trophy after Paterno and Amos Alonzo Stagg, a college football pioneer.[162][163] In addition, the Maxwell Football Club announced that the Joseph V. Paterno Award, presented to the college football coach who did the most to develop his players both on and off the field, would be discontinued.[164]

An attorney retained by the families of some of the boys who were allegedly abused by Sandusky criticized the decision by the board to fire Paterno, saying, "The school let the victims down once, and I think they owed it to the victims to at least gauge how the immediate termination decision would impact them as opposed to Mr. Paterno's resignation at the end of the year."[165]

However, one of the trustees told The Morning Call of Allentown that the board had no choice but to force Paterno to leave immediately to contain the growing outrage over the scandal. According to the trustee, the board considered letting Paterno finish the season with Bradley as team spokesman, but ultimately decided that would still keep the focus on Paterno. The board also did not like that Paterno released statements on his own rather than through the school, with some board members feeling he may have breached his contract. The trustee also noted that he and many of his colleagues felt Paterno either "knew about [the abuse] and swept it under the rug, or he didn't ask enough questions." The board was also very angered by Spanier's statements of support for Curley and Schultz.[166] A few months later, the board of trustees chairman Steve Garban and vice chairman John Surma issued a statement saying that the board felt Paterno "could not be expected to continue to effectively perform his duties" in the wake of the scandal.[161]

On March 12, the Board of Trustees released what it described as its final statement on the ouster of Spanier and Paterno. It said that Spanier not only made unauthorized statements to the press, but failed to tell the board all he knew about the 2002 incident. It also said that Paterno demonstrated a "failure of leadership" by not going to the police. The board said it had every intention of sending someone to personally inform Paterno of the decision, but was unable to do so because of a large number of people surrounding his house. Rather than risk having Paterno learn about the decision via the media, the board decided to order him to leave immediately via telephone.[167]

However, in late 2014 and early 2015, court depositions by Trustees Kenneth Frazier and Keith Masser conflicted with the "failure of leadership" story. As stated by Mr. Masser in his deposition in State Senator Jake Corman's lawsuit against the NCAA,[168] "The decision to remove Coach Paterno had nothing to do with what he had known, what he hadn't done. It was based upon the distraction of having him on the sidelines would have caused the university and the current football team harm. It had nothing to do with what Coach Paterno had done, or hadn't done."

Mr. Frazier's testimony [169] adds, "Just as I said in the case of Mr. Curly, my initial feeling was, when I first heard about this, that the facts had not been established and we needed to be careful to make sure we understood the facts. As I was in -- in that 48-hour time period read the grand jury presentment, I reached the conclusion that given what had become public about the issues leading up to the presentment and given what was said in the presentment itself about Coach Paterno's testimony and about what the graduate student said to Coach Paterno, I felt that it would not send the right message if Coach Paterno was able to lead the football team out onto the field of play under those circumstances. So I didn't change my mind on the question of whether we had established all the key facts that related to Coach Paterno's involvement and/or responsibility. But I had reached the conclusion that, from the standpoint of what the University's values would be interpreted to be by the broader public, that what was known was sufficiently serious as it relates to child sexual abuse that it would send the wrong message about our values as a University if Coach Paterno were allowed to coach as though none of this had ever happened."

Spanier remained a tenured sociology professor at Penn State, despite being stripped of his duties as president.[170] Likewise, Paterno remained a tenured member of the Penn State faculty, and was treated as having retired. The board was still finalizing Paterno's retirement package at the time of his death from lung cancer two months later, on January 22, 2012.[161]

On October 16, 2012, Penn State announced it would not renew Curley's contract when it expired in June 2013.[171]

Freeh report

On November 21, 2011, trustee Kenneth Frazier announced that Louis Freeh, former director of the FBI, would lead an internal investigation into the university's actions.[172] Freeh announced that the team assisting him in his investigation would include former FBI agents and federal prosecutors.[173] As the Sandusky trial proceeded toward conviction in June 2012, it was reported that "[t]he university says that [Freeh's] report should be out this summer and will be released to the trustees and the public simultaneously without being reviewed by the school's general counsel's office".[174]

The Freeh report was released on July 12, 2012. Freeh concluded that Paterno, Spanier, Curley and Schultz were complicit in "conceal[ing] Sandusky's activities from the Board of Trustees, the University community and authorities."[175] According to Exhibit 2F of the report, Spanier and Schultz felt that approaching Sandusky as a first step was a more "humane" approach.[8]{{rp|Exh 2F}} Freeh's press release was critical of all four for not expressing the same feeling toward his victim. The report was also critical of the university's general counsel, Cynthia Baldwin.[176][177] Freeh and his firm concluded that Schultz, Spanier, Curley and Paterno "failed to protect against a child sexual predator harming children for over a decade", as well as violated the Clery Act.[8]{{rp|14–15}} The report also stated the four men not only made no effort to identify the victim of the 2001 incident, but alerted Sandusky to McQueary's allegations against him, thus potentially putting the victim in more danger.

In addition, the report said that the four men "exhibited a striking lack of empathy for Sandusky's victims by failing to inquire as to their safety and well-being." The report stated that the men knew about the 1998 incident but "empowered Sandusky to attract potential victims to the campus and football events by allowing him to have continued, unrestricted and unsupervised access to the University's facilities and affiliation with the University's prominent football program" while the investigation was underway. The Freeh Report stated that Paterno was asked in January 2011 by the grand jury about inappropriate sexual conduct with young boys, other than the 2001 incident. He replied, "I do not know of it. ... I don't know. I don't remember."[178]{{rp|53}} Spaniel had granted Sandusky emeritus status, and the perquisites of that status, upon his retirement in 1999, to the dismay of University provost Rodney Erickson and vice provost Robert Secor. In emails dated August 31, 1999, Erickson said, "Let's go ahead and grant it [emeritus status], if Graham has already promised it," and Secor wrote, "But we are in a bind. Apparently Graham told [Sandusky] that we would do this, he was wholly within his rights here since the policy says, 'The President may grant (or deny) Emeritus Rank on an exception basis.'" Freeh found no evidence to show that Sandusky's retirement or the emeritus rank was related to the 1998 events at the Lasch Building.[178]{{rp|58–61}}

In response, Penn State's trustees announced that they accepted the report's conclusions and would implement corrective measures.[179] On September 13, 2012, a group of alumni and supporters, under the name of Penn Staters for Responsible Stewardship, released a review of the Freeh Report that was critical of the Freeh Group's investigation and conclusions.[180] On February 10, 2013 a report commissioned by the Paterno family was released by Dick Thornburgh, former United States Attorney General and former Governor of Pennsylvania, maintaining that the Freeh report was "seriously flawed, both with respect to the process of [its] investigation and its findings related to Mr. Paterno".[181] In response, Freeh called the Paterno family's report "self-serving" and said that it did not change the facts and findings of his initial investigation.[182] On June 23, 2014, at Jerry Sandusky's pension forfeiture appeal, hearing arbiter Michael Bangs ruled Sandusky's pension should be reinstated and criticized the Freeh Report stating it "was based on significant hearsay and was mostly ruled inadmissible (for the proceedings), (but) was admitted in part to show it had found Sandusky had received 71 separate payments from Penn State between 2000 and 2008". Later in a footnote Bangs states "The terrifically significant disparity between the finding in the Freeh report and the actual truth is disturbing. While the Freeh report found that Penn State had made 71 separate payments to (Sandusky) between 2000-2008, they were off by almost 85 percent, as the correct number was six separate payments". Bangs goes on to say that the error "calls into question the accuracy and veracity of the entire report".[183]

Other actions

Penn State has responded in ways such as removing Sandusky's image from a mural near the university,[184] and renaming an ice cream flavor which had been created in his honor.[185][186] The university also responded by ousting both Joe Paterno and Graham Spanier, as well as placing Mike McQueary on indefinite paid administrative leave.[187][188]

Victim One withdrew from Central Mountain High School due to bullying,[189] and the boy's mother has stated that the high school did not do enough to prevent the fallout.[190]

In January 2012, new university president Rodney Erickson traveled for a week to speak with alumni in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and New York in an attempt to repair the university's image.[191] At the meetings, Erickson received harsh criticism from alumni over the firing of Joe Paterno,[192][193][194] and also received widespread criticism from the media for attempting to shift the focus away from the university.[195][196][197][198][199][200][201]

After the Freeh report's release, local organizations called for the removal of the Joe Paterno statue outside Beaver Stadium. A small plane towed a banner over campus, reading Take the Statue Down or We Will.[202] After some days of mixed messages,[203][204][205] the school removed the statue on Sunday, July 22, in front of a crowd of student onlookers.[206] The statue was reportedly put in storage.[207] President Erickson said the statue had become "a source of division and an obstacle to healing" but made a distinction between it and the Paterno Library, also on campus. The $13 million 1997 library expansion, partially funded by a $4 million gift from Paterno and his wife Sue, "remains a tribute to Joe and Sue Paterno's commitment to Penn State's student body and academic success, and it highlights the positive impacts coach Paterno had on the university.... Thus I feel strongly that the library's name should remain unchanged," Erickson said in the statement.[208]

Steve Garban, a member of the PSU board of trustees who had stepped down as chairman since the Sandusky scandal emerged and was named by Freeh as having received but not then disseminated information about Sandusky to the rest of the board, resigned from the board following the report's release. This made him the first board member to leave since the scandal emerged.[209][210]

Penn State students

A few Penn State students, angered over Spanier's role in the 2002 incident as well as his statement of support for Curley and Schultz, created a Facebook page, "Fire Graham Spanier", to call on Penn State's Board of Trustees to fire Spanier.[211] An online petition at change.org calling for Spanier's ouster garnered over 1,700 signatures in four days.[212]

After Paterno's ouster was announced on live television, students and non-students protested near the Penn State campus.[213] Sources estimate 10,000 people protested to support Paterno, with some tipping over a WTAJ news van[214] and flicking cigarettes at gasoline spilling from it.[215][216] Some police officers used a "chemical spray" to disperse the demonstrators.[213] Minor injuries were reported.[216][217] Approximately $200,000 in damage resulted from the protest. Local police criticized the short notice from the university administration and the insufficient time to mobilize police officers from other areas as factors exacerbating the situation.[216] About 47 people were charged in connection with the protest,[218] and some were subsequently sentenced to a combination of prison terms, probation, community service, and restitution.[219][220]

On November 10, a group of Penn State alumni set up and announced ProudPSUforRAINN,[253] a fundraiser for the anti-sexual violence network RAINN with a goal of $500,000, which was exceeded by July 10, 2012.[221][222][223]

Students also held a candlelight vigil on the lawn of Old Main. The planning for the vigil began the Monday before Paterno's firing and gained steam quickly across campus. It was shown live on news networks across the country, including CNN and ESPN.[223] Former NFL player and Penn State alum, sports broadcaster LaVar Arrington spoke at the event which attracted an estimated ten thousand.[224]

NCAA

Initial sanctions

On November 17, NCAA President Mark Emmert personally wrote Erickson—who had had the "interim" tag removed from his title on the same day—to ask him how Penn State had exercised control over its athletic program in the wake of the disclosures about Sandusky's crimes. The letter also demanded answers to four specific questions about how Penn State had complied with NCAA policies during that time.[225] Penn State pledged full cooperation, but asked to defer its response until after the release of the Freeh report. On July 16, Emmert appeared on PBS' Tavis Smiley and said that with the release of the Freeh report, Penn State had "weeks, not months" to answer the questions he'd raised in the November letter. He also hinted that he had not ruled out issuing the so-called "death penalty", which would have forced Penn State to cancel at least the 2012 season.[226] The NCAA had not handed down a death penalty to a Division I school since Southern Methodist University was hit with it in 1987 for massive violations in its football program. Although the NCAA is required to consider handing down a death penalty if a school commits two major violations within five years, it has the power to shut down a program without any preliminary sanctions in the event of particularly egregious misconduct.

Shortly after the release of the Freeh report, the NCAA Board gave Emmert the power to take corrective and punitive action relative to Penn State, forgoing the NCAA's normal investigative protocol.[10] On July 22, 2012, the NCAA announced that it would impose "corrective and punitive" sanctions against both the Penn State football program and the institution as a whole the next morning.

On July 23, 2012, Emmert announced the following sanctions against Penn State:[227]

  • Five years probation.
  • A four-year postseason ban.
  • Vacating of all wins from 1998 to 2011–112 wins in all. This had the effect of stripping the Nittany Lions of their shared Big Ten titles in 2005 and 2008. It also removed 111 wins from Paterno's record, dropping him from first to 12th on the NCAA's all-time wins list.
  • A $60 million fine, the proceeds of which were to go toward an endowment for preventing child abuse. According to the NCAA, this was the equivalent of a typical year's gross revenue from the football program.
  • Loss of a total of 40 initial scholarships from 2013 to 2017. During the same period, Penn State is limited to 65 total scholarships—only two more than a Division I FCS (formerly I-AA) school is allowed.
  • Penn State was required to adopt all recommendations for reform delineated in the Freeh report.
  • Penn State must enter into an "athletics integrity agreement" with the NCAA and Big Ten, appoint a university-wide athletic compliance officer and compliance council, and accept an NCAA-appointed athletic integrity monitor for the duration of its probation.

The sanctions took the form of a sweeping consent decree in which Penn State accepted the findings of fact by the NCAA and waived any right to appeal the sanctions. A full release was granted to all players in the program, allowing them to transfer to another school without losing eligibility.[228] According to ESPN's Don Van Natta, Jr., the NCAA and Penn State had already begun preliminary discussions about possible sanctions in mid-July.[229] The Patriot-News reported that the NCAA formally forwarded its terms to Penn State's legal team on July 19. Discussions continued over the weekend, and the final agreement was essentially the NCAA's original proposal except for some minor concessions to Penn State.[230]

In announcing the sanctions, Emmert said that he intended the Penn State case to be "the cautionary tale of athletics overwhelming core values of the institution and losing sight of why we are really participating in these activities can occur." He also said that the sanctions were necessary to force Penn State to reform its athletic culture.[10]

The Big Ten followed the NCAA actions, concurring with its findings by officially censuring Penn State and levying a separate fine of $13 million. In a statement, the conference stated that its intentions were "not to destroy a great university, but rather to seek justice and constructively assist a member institution with its efforts to reform."[231] The Big Ten financial penalty will come as PSU gives up its four-year share of conference bowl revenue. The $13 million, as with the NCAA fines, will instead be donated to "help victims of child sex abuse".[232]

The NCAA said it was compelled to act outside the normal investigative process due to what it described as the sheer egregiousness of the misconduct detailed in the Freeh report. In the NCAA's view, Spanier, Curley, Schultz and Paterno's cover-up of Sandusky's crimes constituted "a failure of institutional and individual integrity," and thus violated basic principles of intercollegiate athletics that were over and above specific NCAA policies. Additionally, the NCAA said that since Penn State had commissioned the Freeh report and accepted its findings, further proceedings would be redundant.[228][233] Emmert himself said that Freeh's investigation was far more exhaustive than any that would have been mounted by the NCAA.[10]

Due to the deviation from normal NCAA investigative process as well as the nature of the sanctions, four trustees of the university filed an appeal of the sanctions.[272] Board member Ryan McCombie, a 26-year U.S. Navy veteran who was elected to the board in July 2012 by members of the school's alumni association, led the trustee appeal. A letter filed on the trustees' behalf by Paul Kelly of Jackson Lewis LLP with the NCAA called the sanctions "excessive and unreasonable". The letter also argued that President Erickson exceeded his authority in accepting the sanctions.[234] In addition, a group of former Penn State football players, including former starting quarterback Michael Robinson filed their own appeal. However, a spokesman for the NCAA held that the sanctions are not subject to appeal.[235][236]

Sanctions rescinded

The NCAA rescinded much of the sanctions against Penn State. On September 24, 2013, the NCAA announced that Penn State's scholarships would be gradually restored until the total amount of scholarships reaches the normal 85 for the 2016-17 year, the first year after Penn State's postseason ban.[237][238] A year later, on September 8, 2014, the NCAA announced that Penn State would be eligible for the 2014 postseason and all scholarships restored in 2015.[239] Several months later, on January 16, 2015, the NCAA reinstated Joe Paterno and Tom Bradley's wins.[240]

Debate over suspension of the football program

At least two Penn State trustees, as well as several alumni, criticized Erickson for accepting the NCAA sanctions as quickly as he had.[230] However, in a press conference of his own shortly after the penalties were handed down, Erickson said that as harsh as they were, he had no choice but to accept them. According to Erickson, had Penn State not accepted the penalties, the NCAA would have gone in "another direction"—one that would have included the NCAA canceling at least the 2012 season. Erickson said that under the circumstances, "we had our backs to the wall," and he had no choice but to accept the consent decree since it was the only deal on offer.[241] Erickson subsequently told ESPN's John Barr that Penn State was facing as long as a four-year ban from play had it not agreed to the sanctions that were ultimately imposed.[242] Erickson went further on July 25, saying that Emmert had personally told him on July 17—a day after Emmert's interview with Smiley—that a majority of the NCAA leadership wanted to shut down Penn State football for four years. He also said that Penn State could have faced a host of other severe penalties, including a fine several times greater than the $60 million ultimately imposed. When Erickson learned this, he immediately started talks with the NCAA, and was able to get the death penalty taken off the table. Erickson discussed his actions with the board later that night, and the board resolved that Erickson's actions were understandable under the circumstances.[243]

Emmert and the NCAA Executive Committee's chairman, Oregon State president Ed Ray, subsequently acknowledged that the NCAA had seriously considered imposing a death penalty, but denied that Penn State had been threatened with one had it not accepted the consent decree.[244] Ray, whose committee was charged by Emmert with designing the sanctions, told ESPN's Adam Rittenberg that while there was considerable debate about whether to include a death penalty among the sanctions, "the overwhelming position of members of both the executive committee and the Division I board was to not include suspension of play." He also "categorically" denied that the NCAA had threatened Penn State with a death penalty had it not accepted the sanctions, and added that using it as a backup in case of such a rejection was "never even a point of discussion within either the executive committee or the Division I board."[245]

Emmert himself told ESPN's Bob Ley that the death penalty was "unequivocally on the table" as one of the possible sanctions. However, he said, Penn State's swift corrective measures after the scandal broke out in full—including forcing out Spanier and Paterno—were significant factors in ultimately taking the death penalty off the table. "Had Penn State not been as decisive as they were," Emmert said, "I don't know what the outcome would have been, but I suspect it would have been significantly worse." Emmert also repeated Ray's denial that Penn State had been threatened with a multi-year suspension had it not agreed to the penalties, saying there had been "some confusion" about those circumstances. He did say, however, that if Erickson and Penn State had not signed the consent decree, the NCAA would have launched a full-blown infractions investigation that would have had "an unknown outcome."[246]

In the consent decree itself, the NCAA acknowledged that there had been some discussion about imposing a "death penalty," but noted that this severe penalty was primarily reserved for repeat violators who neither cooperated with the NCAA nor took any corrective measures once the violations came to light. However, it not only noted Penn State's swift corrective action, but also pointed out the school had never been the subject of a major infractions case before.[228] This stood in contrast to the situation at SMU 25 years earlier; school officials there knew major violations were occurring and did nothing to stop them, and the school had been under nearly constant scrutiny from the NCAA for over a decade.

Civil lawsuits and subsequent developments

Soon after the scandal broke, commentators noted that civil lawsuits against Jerry Sandusky and Penn State were inevitable.[247] On November 28, 2011, Fisher and his mother hired attorneys to pursue civil claims against Sandusky and Penn State.[248] On November 30, 2011, the first lawsuit by a victim of sexual abuse was filed against Penn State and Sandusky alleging over 100 incidents of sexual abuse; the victim was identified in the suit only as "John Doe A."[249]

A man claiming to be the previously unknown victim of the shower incident ("Victim 2") stepped forward through his lawyers in July 2012 and stated his intentions to file a lawsuit against the university. His lawyers, Ross Feller Casey LLP,[250] also released a pair of voicemails from September 2011[251] that were purportedly left for the firm's client by Sandusky.[252]

On September 20, 2012, Penn State released an announcement that the institution had hired the law firm of Feinberg Rozen LLP to assist in the handling of any personal injury lawsuits that could emerge as a result of the sexual abuse allegations that had been made against Jerry Sandusky. Penn State President, Rodney Erickson, stated that Penn State's ultimate goal was to settle any civil cases in a way that would not force the victims to go through the legal process once again.[253]

On October 2, 2012, Mike McQueary sued Penn State in Centre County Court. He sued for $4 million for alleged defamation due to Spanier's public statement of support for Curley and Schultz and another $4 million for misrepresentation, alleging that Schultz stated he would take appropriate action after the locker room incident McQueary witnessed. The suit alleges that McQueary was fired because he had cooperated with law enforcement and would serve as a witness in the trial of Schultz and Curley. McQueary was also seeking reinstatement of his job or compensation for lost wages.[254][255]

On January 1, 2013, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett announced he would sue the NCAA in federal court over the sanctions imposed on Penn State. Although Corbett is an ex officio member of the board of trustees, Penn State was not involved in the suit. According to the Associated Press, Corbett was filing an antitrust suit against the NCAA.[256] Though Corbett had originally "endorsed [the NCAA settlement in the immediate wake of the Freeh report] as 'part of the corrective process'",[257] he and other Pennsylvania elected officials had more recently begun to object to the prospect of the $60 million fine being spent mostly outside of Pennsylvania. One reason given for the objection is that there is no legal way Penn State can ensure that taxpayer money won't be used to pay the fine.[258] In sharply criticizing the governor's move in an editorial, The New York Times noted that the governor "barely mentioned the young victims" in his 2013 statement. It continued: "In his complaints, the governor only confirmed the inquiry finding that the university's obsession with football predominance helped drive the cover-up of Mr. Sandusky's crimes." It also noted that, in the suit, Corbett "bypassed incoming state attorney general Kathleen Kane [who] in her election campaign last year ... promised to look into why it took so long for the pedophilia scandal to be investigated when Mr. Corbett previously served as attorney general".[257] The Patriot-News said of the suit: "[It] comes after a year of withering criticism of Corbett by some quarters of the Penn State community, which has seen the governor and his fellow PSU trustees as too quick to brand former head coach Joe Paterno and others as fall guys for the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal."[259] On June 6, 2013, federal Middle District Judge Yvette Kane said she could not "find any factual allegations" and threw out the lawsuit calling it "a Hail Mary pass" that easily warranted dismissal.[260]

Matthew Sandusky, the adopted son of Jerry Sandusky, was also involved in lawsuits against Penn State. While Matthew Sandusky originally took his adopted father's side when he was first questioned by the grand jury, he later revealed that Jerry Sandusky had started to sexually abuse him when he was eight years old.[261] The law firm of Ross Feller Casey LLP went on to represent him in the civil lawsuit, and Matthew Sandusky reached a settlement with Penn State University. He was among one of the 26 victims involved in the settlement amount that was reached in October 2013.[262]

On August 16, 2013, a man, known as Victim 5, who was sexually abused by Sandusky was the first to settle his civil suit against the university for an undisclosed amount.[263]

On October 28, 2013, Penn State University reached settlements with 26 victims of former assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky, costing the university a total of $59.7 million.[264]

Victim 6 filed a lawsuit against Penn State on January 22, 2013.[265] However, the lawsuit was dismissed on November 6, 2013. A U.S. District Judge in Philadelphia ruled in favor of the university, stating that Penn State could not legally be held liable for Sandusky's actions simply because he was employed there. The Judge stated that Victim 6 failed "to explain how molestation was the kind of act that Penn State employed Sandusky to perform."[266]

On November 21, 2013, Victim 9 sued Penn State, citing that the male victim had been unable to reach a settlement with the institution.[267] Stephen E. Raynes of Raynes McCarty released a statement that he and his team had been working closely with Michael Rozen to reach a settlement for Victim 9. Because of Penn State's refusal to compensate his client, they filed a civil lawsuit in an attempt to "compel Penn State to finally fulfill its responsibilities to this young man."[268]

On April 9, 2015, Penn State trustees voted to approve a settlement with "one or more" victims from the child sexual abuse scandal involving Jerry Sandusky. While both the victims involved and the amount of the settlement remained confidential, another step was taken to provide justice to those whom had suffered at the hands of Sandusky.[269] As of November 27, 2015, the total amount that Penn State owed victims of the Sandusky child sexual abuse scandal was close to $93 million.[270] An audit of the university's financial statements for the 2015 year (ending June 30) revealed that Penn State had made new payments totaling $33.2 million that were all related to the actions of Jerry Sandusky. The audit also indicated that Penn State has already paid or agreed to pay 32 claims relevant to this matter.[271]

Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association Insurance

In February 2012, Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association Insurance, Penn State's liability insurer, asked the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to limit its exposure from a lawsuit filed by an alleged sex-abuse victim of Jerry Sandusky due to both the time of coverage of the policies and possible "intentional conduct" of the university.[272] The company, which had a business relationship with Penn State dating back to the 1950s, was sued by the school in February 2013, after the company refused to cover claims from 30 men alleging abuse by Sandusky.[273] As part of the litigation, the insurance company brought in a lawyer with expertise in sex abuse cases to examine how Penn State vetted claims before paying alleged victims. Noting a surprising lack of documentation, the lawyer wrote, "It appears as though Penn State made little effort, if any, to verify the credibility of the claims."[274]

Penn Live reported that a court order connected to this insurance case stated that Paterno was allegedly told in 1976 about an accusation of child sexual abuse by Sandusky. The PMA Insurance Company's documents alleged that a boy told Paterno he had been molested by Sandusky, who was an assistant coach then. The order also cited reports by unnamed assistant coaches who said they witnessed inappropriate contact between Sandusky and some children, according to the ruling by Philadelphia Judge Gary Glazer. Penn State spokesman Lawrence Lokman said university officials involved in cases related to the Sandusky scandal were aware of the new allegations contained in the insurance case broadly; Lokman said to Penn Live: "Many, many people, potential victims and victims have come forward to the university as part of that (settlement) process... We do not talk about their specific circumstances."[275][276][277] CNN reported one of the victims, identified as Victim A, had told Paterno about an incident in a bathroom as early as 1971.[278]

NBC News also reported one former Penn State assistant coach witnessed an incident in the late 1970s, and three other coaches —who have gone on to work in pro level and other colleges— allegedly saw inappropriate conduct between Sandusky and boys in the early and mid-1990s.[279] Risk management expert Raymond Williams identified three incidents with some of the assistant coaches on the Penn State staff at the time, and three others that were reported to university officials; and whether the key officials should have had knowledge about child sex-assault allegations involving Sandusky in each of the six different cases dating to 1976.[280] Mike McQueary alleged former Penn State assistant coaches Greg Schiano and Tom Bradley knew about earlier transgressions by Sandusky. In a deposition related to the insurance case, McQueary claimed that upon telling Bradley what he had seen, Bradley was not shocked and related a story about a time in the 1990s Schiano had witnessed Sandusky doing something with a boy. Bradley and Schiano denied the allegations.[281][282][283]

Paterno family members dismissed the accusations. Paterno's wife, Sue, said in a letter read Friday to Penn State's board of trustees "It is time to end this endless process of character assassination by accusation" and asked board members to seek the truth "in the spirit of our love for Penn State and our duty to the victims." Paterno's son Scott called the new claims "bunk," and expressed on Twitter "it would be great if everyone waited to see the substance of the allegation before they assume it's true. Because it's not."[284]

Michael Boni, plaintiff's lawyer in the Sandusky scandal, claimed "the headlines of these stories is Paterno knew of Sandusky's molestation in the '70s, '76 or '77. I'm unaware of direct, irrefutable evidence that that's the case... believe me, I'm the last person to defend the guy, but I am the first person to believe in our justice system. And I think you need more than anecdotal evidence or speculative evidence."[284]

Penn State President Eric Barron said the accusations were "unsubstantiated and unsupported by any evidence other than a claim by an alleged victim", and claimed the university is being subjected unfairly to "rumor, innuendo and rush to judgment". Barron acknowledged the school's board had spent tens of millions of dollars without making an effort to corroborate claims. "None of these allegations ... has been substantiated in a court of law or in any other process to test their veracity," Barron wrote.[274] The university hired settlement experts Kenneth Feinberg and Michael Rozen to handle the claims.[285]

The settlement agreements required victims to release several organizations, and anyone connected to them, from lawsuits, including the Second Mile. An Indianapolis attorney who represents sex abuse victims said, "That's not normal. Why would Penn State care about the Second Mile?" and that he had never encountered a defendant requesting a liability release for a separate organization.[274] Penn State alumni trustee Al Lord, said, "There's only one reason [for the release], and that was to protect ... members of the board who were involved at the Second Mile."[274] The trustee who chaired the board committee that oversaw negotiations was Ira Lubert, a friend of a former Second Mile board chair as well as part-owner of a summer camp the Second Mile visited. Nicholas Mirkay, a University of Hawaii law school professor and nonprofit governance expert, found it surprising Penn State leadership allowed a board member with even a tangential connection to the Second Mile to lead settlement negotiations.[274]

McQueary vs. Penn State

In October 2016, a jury found that Penn State had defamed McQueary, and awarded McQueary $7 million in damages.[286] Penn State appealed the ruling in November 2016,[287] and the case judge also awarded an additional almost $5 million to McQueary based on a separate charge that his firing was retaliation for whistleblowing.[288] McQueary eventually settled the case for an undisclosed amount before the appeal was heard.[289]

Fines for Clery Act Violations

In November 2016, the U.S. Department of Education announced that it seeks to fine Penn State nearly $2.4 million for violating the Clery Act. The violations include failing to alert the public about Mr. Sandusky's conduct and other campus dangers.[290] Penn State officials have said that they will not appeal the fine.[291][292]

Findings:[293]

{{bulleted list |Finding #1: Clery Act violations related to the Sandusky matter (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #2: Lack of administrative capability as a result of the University’s substantial failures to comply with the Clery Act and the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act throughout the review period, including insufficient training, support, and resources to ensure compliance (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #3: Omitted and/or inadequate annual security report and annual fire safety report policy statements (proposed fine: $37,500).|Finding #4: Failure to issue timely warnings in accordance with federal regulations.|Finding #5: Failure to properly classify reported incidents and disclose crime statistics from 2008-2011 (proposed fine: $2,167,500).|Finding #6: Failure to establish an adequate system for collecting crime statistics from all required sources (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #7: Failure to maintain an accurate and complete daily crime log.|Finding #8: Reporting discrepancies in crime statistics published in the annual security report and those reported to the department’s campus crime statistics database (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #9: Failure to publish and distribute an annual security report in accordance with federal regulations (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #10: Failure to notify prospective students and employees of the availability of the annual security report and annual fire safety report (proposed fine: $27,500).|Finding #11: Failure to comply with the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (proposed fine: $27,500).}}

Impact

Penn State's Aa1 revenue-bond rating had also been "placed on review for possible downgrade" by Moody's Investors Service because of the scandal's possible effects on the university's finances.[294] After the school was removed from the watchlist in February 2012 and assigned a "negative outlook" within that rating class due to its "ongoing uncertainty", Moody's again considered downgrading the bond rating the following July.[295][296] In October 2012 Moody's downgraded the institution's bond rating to Aa2 citing "anticipation of the substantial financial impact on the university from the ultimate cost of future settlements and possible judgments".[297] It wouldn't be until February 2016 that Penn State would see its rating restored to Aa1, with Moody's citing a stable outlook and the university's ability to continue operate despite Pennsylvania's delay in enacting 2016 appropriations.[298]

State Farm Insurance pulled its sponsorship of the football team in July 2012. State Farm also asked the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania to declare that there is no provision in its policy with Penn State to force the company to help pay for Sandusky's criminal defense bills or any punitive damages that he has incurred.[299]

Penn State reported that the school had spent $3.2 million on investigations, public relations, and legal advice in response to the scandal through the middle of February 2012.[300]

On August 15, 2012, Penn State's regional accreditation was put on "warning" status due to the Sandusky scandal. The Middle States Commission on Higher Education, which accredits the university, continued to accredit Penn State but demanded a report addressing these.[301] In November, the warning status was lifted as the accreditor was "impressed by the degree to which Penn State has risen, as a strong campus community, to recognize and respond to the sad events."[302]

See also

{{Portal|College football|Criminal justice|Pennsylvania|2010s|University}}
  • Baylor University sexual assault scandal, a sexual abuse scandal involving football players
  • United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal, similar scandal involving British soccer teams
  • USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal, a sex abuse scandal involving over 265 female gymnasts
  • Paterno, a 2018 film about the Penn State case
{{clear}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite news|first=Sara |last=Ganim |authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/11/exclusive_jerry_sandusky_inter.html |title=Exclusive: Jerry Sandusky interview prompts long-ago victims to contact lawyer |work=The Patriot-News |publisher=Advance Publications|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=November 17, 2011 |accessdate=November 21, 2011}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=Two Top Officials Step Down Amid Penn State Scandal|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2011/11/05/penn-state-ex-coach-others-charged-in-child-sex-case/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=November 9, 2011|publisher=Fox News|date=November 7, 2011}}
3. ^{{cite news|first=Ken|last=Belson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/ncaafootball/jerry-sandusky-child-sexual-abuse-trial-begins.html?pagewanted=all |title=Sandusky's Trial Begins With Graphic Testimony|work=The New York Times|location=New York City|date=June 11, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web|first1=Colleen|last1=Curry|first2=Jim|last2=Avila|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/jerry-sandusky-trial-hears-victim-testify-years-sex/story?id=16539947#.T9hI4NWlWTU|title=Jerry Sandusky Offered Victim 4 a Contract to Keep Seeing Him|publisher=ABC News|date=June 11, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}
5. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15730317 |title=Jerry Sandusky regrets showers with boys at Penn State |publisher=BBC News| date=November 14, 2011 |accessdate=November 14, 2011 }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/06/jerry_sandusky_verdict_complet.html|title=Jerry Sandusky verdict: Complete breakdown of charges|work=Penn Live|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=May 2, 2015}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/10/jerry_sandusky_gets_30-60_year.html|title=Jerry Sandusky gets 30-60 years for molesting boys|publisher=PennLive|work=The Patriot-News|date=October 9, 2012|accessdate=October 9, 2012}}
8. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-07-12/us/us_pennsylvania-penn-state-investigation_1_jerry-sandusky-sandusky-trial-sandusky-scandal | title=Penn State leaders disregarded victims, 'empowered' Sandusky, review finds | first=Susan | last=Candiotti | first2=Josh|last2=Levs|first3=David|last3=Ariosto|publisher=CNN|date=July 12, 2012}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |work=Washington Post|title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal|first=Will|last=Hobson |date=Dec 28, 2017|accessdate=2018-01-12|publisher=The Washington Post|quote=Jay Paterno (Joe Paterno's son and new alumni trustee) 'adamantly maintains his father didn't know the truth about Sandusky, pointing to the only piece of evidence he thinks matters: His father allowed his children and his grandchildren to spend time around Sandusky until months before his arrest.'}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|first=Eric|last=Prisbell|title=NCAA hands out severe punishment for Penn State|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/bigten/story/2012-07-23/ncaa-penn-state-punishment-sanctions/56427630/1|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|location=McLean, Virginia|date=July 22, 2012}}
11. ^{{cite news |first=Colleen | last=Kane | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-23/sports/ct-spt-0724-penn-state--20120724_1_david-joyner-penn-state-ncaa-president | title=NCAA punishes Penn State| work=Chicago Tribune |publisher=Tronc|location=Chicago, Illinois|date=July 23, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/thinktank/Penn-State-release-Freeh-report-documents.html|title=Thornburgh: Penn State, release Freeh report documents|date=April 16, 2015|accessdate=October 2, 2015}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2013/02/11/paterno-report-thornburgh/1910529/|author=Dick Thornburgh|title=Freeh hastily misjudged Paterno: Column |work=USA Today |publisher=ESPN |date=February 11, 2013|accessdate=October 2, 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/sports/college/psu/mc-penn-state-president-review-freeh-report-20141115-story.html|title=Penn State President Eric Barron to review Freeh Report – The Morning Call|author=The Morning Call|date=November 15, 2014|work=The Morning Call}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2015/01/16/joe-paterno-penn-state-wins-restored|title=Joe Paterno's Penn State wins restored|work=Sports Illustrated|publisher=Meredith Corporationlocation=New York City|date=January 16, 2015|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|first=Will|last=Hobson|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal |work=Washington Post|publisher=Nsah Holdings LLC|location=Washington DC|date=December 28, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2018|quote=The case produced evidence embarrassing for the NCAA. One staffer, in an email, wrote that NCAA punishments for Penn State would be unneeded and excessive, but 'new NCAA leadership is extremely image conscious, and if they conclude that pursuing allegations against PSU would enhance the association's standing with the public, then an infractions case could follow.' ... Matthew Haverstick, attorney for state Sen. Jake Corman (R): 'Our read of the evidence was that the NCAA board of directors and the Penn State board of trustees were being played off one another by the NCAA C-suite executives," Haverstick said. "They had wildly different understandings about what was happening around them at that time.'}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=Judge orders 3 former Penn State officials to stand trial in Sandusky scandal|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/07/30/judge-orders-3-former-penn-state-officials-to-stand-trial-in-sandusky-scandal/|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=July 30, 2013|date=July 31, 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web|first=Charles|last=Thompson|url=http://www.pennlive.com/news/2017/03/jury_reaches_verdict_in_trial.html#incart_election|title=Jury reaches split verdict in trial of ex-PSU president Graham Spanier|work=Penn Live|date=March 25, 2017|accessdate=June 3, 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|first=Alex|last=Bauer|url=http://onwardstate.com/2017/03/24/louis-freeh-calls-for-president-barrons-resignation-bashes-penn-state-administrators-after-spanier-verdict/ |title=Louis Freeh Calls For President Barron's Resignation, Bashes Penn State Administrators After Spanier Verdict|website=OnwardState.com|date=March 24, 2017|accessdate=December 3, 2017}}
20. ^{{cite news|first=Will|last=Hobson|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal| work=Washington Post |publisher=Nash Holdings LLC|location=Washington DC|date=December 28, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2018|quote='No one was convicted of a conspiracy," said alumni trustee Alice Pope, a psychology professor at St. John's University. "So there was no coverup.'}}
21. ^{{cite news|first=Will|last=Hobson|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal |work=Washington Post|publisher=Nash Holdings LLC|location=Washington DC|date=December 28, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2018|quote=When Curley and Schultz appeared on the stand, however, they said the same things their lawyers had said for five years. Paterno had told them someone saw Sandusky "horsing around" with a boy. They didn't think Sandusky was a pedophile; they thought he had "boundary issues." When they met with McQueary, he did not describe witnessing a sexual assault. ... [Of] 12 people who knew in 2001 that an assistant had been disturbed by something he saw in a shower involving Sandusky and a boy, none ... said anyone at Penn State urged them not to contact authorities.}}
22. ^{{cite news |first1=John |last1=Hurdle |first2=Richard |last2=Pérez-Peña |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/us/penn-state-graham-spanier-child-molestation-sentence.html |title=Former Penn State President Gets Jail Time in Child Molestation Scandal |work=The New York Times |publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=June 2, 2017}}
23. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7212054/key-dates-penn-state-sex-abuse-case |title=Sandusky, Penn State case timeline |publisher=ESPN |date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}
24. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |first=Dan| last=Wetzel| authorlink=Dan Wetzel|url=http://wap.yahoo.com/w/sports/home/experts/article?offset=3&urn=urn%3Anewsml%3Asports.yahoo%2Cyhoo%3A20050301%3Ancaaf%2Carticle%2Cdw-wetzel_penn_state_child_sex_case_110511%3A1&.ts=1320564205&.ysid=YrvwsCSswypAL.sUbZLwWEwk&.intl=US&.lang=en| title=Penn State's insufficient action amid child sex allegations stunning| publisher=Yahoo! Sports| date=November 5, 2011| accessdate=November 6, 2011}}
25. ^{{cite news |first=Charlie |last=Lentz |url=http://pennstate.scout.com/2/630302.html |title=Sandusky Second to None |date=March 27, 2007 |work=pennstate.scout.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021727/http://pennstate.scout.com/2/630302.html |archivedate=July 16, 2011}}
26. ^{{cite web || first=Genaro C.| last=Armas| first2=Mark| last2=Scolford|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/06/jerry-sandusky-penn-state-child-sex-scandal-curley-schultz-cover-up_n_1078493.html| title=Jerry Sandusky Charged With Sexual Abuse: Did Penn State Officials Tim Curley, Gary Schultz It Cover Up?| website=The Huffington Post|publisher=Huffington Post Media Group|location=New York City|date=November 6, 2011| accessdate=November 6, 2011}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Offering Sandusky to PSU Altoona troubling|url=http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/555789/Offering-Sandusky-to-PSU-Altoona---.html|accessdate=September 9, 2014|newspaper=Altoona Mirror|date=November 27, 2011|archivedate=September 9, 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6SSE52yh6?url=http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/555789/Offering-Sandusky-to-PSU-Altoona---.html}}
28. ^{{cite news |first=Tom | last=Fontaine | url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_765879.html | title=Three charged in Penn State sex crime case | newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review | publisher=Tribune-Review Publishing Company|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania| date=November 6, 2011 | accessdate=November 6, 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/crime.aspx?id%3D207 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 20, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219133313/http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/crime.aspx?id=207 |archivedate=December 19, 2013 }}
30. ^{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Cuomo|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/sandusky-victim-reveals-identity-justice-long/story?id=17511612&singlePage=true|title=Sandusky Victim 1 Steps Out of Shadows, Says Justice Took Too Long|work=20/20|publisher=ABC News|date=October 12, 2012}}
31. ^{{cite web|first=Sara |last=Ganim |authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/11/jerry_sandusky_a_penn_state_un.html |title=Jerry Sandusky, a Penn State University football legend and founder of The Second Mile, faces charges of sex crimes |work=The Patriot-News |publisher=Advance Publications|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania |date=November 4, 2011 |accessdate=November 5, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite news|first=Sara|last=Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/03/jerry_sandusky_former_penn_sta.html|title=Jerry Sandusky, former Penn State football staffer, subject of grand jury investigation|work=The Patriot-News|publisher=Advance Publications| location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=March 31, 2011|accessdate=November 13, 2011}}
33. ^1 2 {{cite web|first=Ray|last=Blehar|title=Sandusky Scandal Report 3|url=http://us.yhs4.search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=AwrTccJkabJSUh8A75hjmolQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByNzhwY2hkBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMgRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkAw--/SIG=11qqdcr1u/EXP=1387452900/**http%3a//sanduskyreports.com/report3.pdf|date=July 24, 2013|accessdate=December 18, 2013|page=7}}
34. ^{{cite web|first=Deborah|last=Erdley|title=Prosecutors: Wrong year cited for incident in Sandusky case|url=http://triblive.com/home/1472520-74/sandusky-mcqueary-prosecutors-2001-2002-abusing-attorney-cited-court-date#axzz2ntAR2Gs7|work=TribLIVE|publisher=Trib Total Media, Inc.|date= May 7, 2012|accessdate=December 18, 2013}}
35. ^{{cite news|first=Will|last=Hobson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal|work=Washington Post|publisher=Nash Holdings LLC|location=Washington DC|date=December 28, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2018|quote=Prosecutors, in charging documents, implied McQueary reported "anal intercourse" to Paterno; McQueary has testified he never would have used such explicit terms with Paterno, though he made clear he witnessed something sexual. In an email McQueary sent prosecutors, released years later, he wrote, 'I feel my words were slightly twisted.'}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|pages=7–21, 72–73, 80–81|date=December 16, 2011}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|page=65,131,140–141,144|date=December 16, 2011}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/sports/penn-state-six-years-after-sandusky-scandal/ |work=Washington Post|title=Six years later, Penn State remains torn over the Sandusky scandal|first=Will|last=Hobson |date=Dec 28, 2017|accessdate=2018-01-12|publisher=The Washington Post|quote=Dranov, a mandatory reporter of abuse because he's a doctor, has testified repeatedly that McQueary never said he witnessed a sex act. Instead, according to Dranov, McQueary described seeing a boy appear around a shower wall and an arm pull the boy back.}}
39. ^{{cite web|last=Ganim|first=Sara|title=Another version of Mike McQueary's story about Jerry Sandusky surfaces|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/12/another_version_of_mike_mcquea.html|work=The Patriot-News|accessdate=December 18, 2013|date=December 11, 2011}}
40. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|date=December 16, 2011|accessdate=December 18, 2013|page=22}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|pages=21–26, 71–|date=December 16, 2011|accessdate=December 18, 2013}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Paterno To Be Inducted Into Pittsburgh Hall of Fame on Saturday|url=http://www.gopsusports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/020901aaa.html|work=Penn State Official Athletic Site|publisher=CBS Interactive|date=February 9, 2001|accessdate=December 18, 2013}}
43. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Report of Thirty Third Statewide Investigating Grand Jury ('Grand Jury Report')|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|publisher=Pennsylvania Attorney General|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/636FfNYZ6?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf |archivedate=November 10, 2011}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|pages=30–31, 76–77|date=16 December 2011}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=Preliminary Trial Transcript|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/government/Court-Departments/CurleySchultz/12-16-Preliminary-Trial-Transcript.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|page=|date=16 December 2011}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|title=Penn State Grand Jury Presentment|publisher=|accessdate=June 3, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
47. ^1 {{cite web|first1=Kevin|last1=Begos|first2=Mark|last2=Scolforo|agency=Associated Press |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/coach-accused-charity-assault-boys-14939549 |title=Sandusky Had Access to Vulnerable Kids Via Charity|publisher=ABC News |date=November 12, 2011 |accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
48. ^{{cite news |first=David|last=Zuchino|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/11/sandusky-penn-state-.html |title=Penn State sex scandal: Jerry Sandusky ran boys camps for years |work=Los Angeles Times |publisher=Tronc|location=Los Angeles, California|date=November 8, 2011|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite news|first=Sara |last=Ganim|authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/11/mothers_of_two_of_jerry_sandus.html |title=Mothers of two of Jerry Sandusky's alleged victims lash out at Penn State officials' handling of scandal |work=The Patriot-News |publisher=Advance Publications|date=November 7, 2011 |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Grand Jury Presentment|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|pages=2–3, 13, 14|date=5 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Grand Jury Presentment|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=December 18, 2013|pages=3–4|date=November 5, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
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53. ^{{cite web|title=Grand Jury Presentment|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=18 December 2013|pages=6–7, 14, 21–22|date=November 5, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Grand Jury Presentment|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=18 December 2013|page=14|date=November 5, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
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56. ^{{cite web|title=Grand Jury Presentment|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|work=Dauphin County|accessdate=18 December 2013|page=15|date=5 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6QBGew0hh?url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov/uploadedFiles/Press/Sandusky-Grand-Jury-Presentment.pdf|archivedate=June 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
57. ^{{cite news|first=Joe |last=Juliano|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/sports/colleges/20111106_Two_Penn_State_officials_charged_in_connection_with_sex-abuse_investigation.html |title=Two Penn State officials charged in connection with sex-abuse investigation |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|publisher=Philadelphia Media Network|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|date=November 6, 2011|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
58. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/story/2011-11-05/penn-state-abuse-case/51083628/1|title=Penn State ex-coach charged with abuse, AD with perjury|agency=Associated Press|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|location=McLean, Virginia|date=November 5, 2011|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}
59. ^{{cite web|first=John|last=Taylor|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/11/05/penn-state-ad-charged-with-perjury-failure-to-report-in-sandusky-sex-case/related/|title=Penn State AD charged with perjury, failure to report in Sandusky sex case (MSNBC)|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=November 5, 2011}}
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62. ^{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Ganim|authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/12/jerry_sandusky_charged_with_as.html |title=Jerry Sandusky's bail set at $250,000 after 2 new alleged victims come forward |work=The Patriot-News |publisher=Advance Publications|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=December 7, 2011 |accessdate=January 25, 2011}}
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64. ^{{cite news |url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7199068/penn-state-nittany-lions-bar-accused-ex-coach-jerry-sandusky-campus |title=Penn State to pay AD's legal costs |publisher=ESPN |date=November 6, 2011}}
65. ^{{cite news |url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/45186257/ns/sports-college_football/ |title=Paterno to retire after season amid scandal |publisher=msnbc.com |date=November 6, 2011}}
66. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.statecollege.com/news/local-news/spanier-curley-schultz-operate-at-the-highest-levels-of-honesty-924039/ |title=Spanier: Curley, Schultz 'Operate at the Highest Levels of Honesty' |date=November 5, 2011 |publisher=State College, PA}}
67. ^{{cite news|first=Mackenzie|last=Weinger|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1111/67999.html|title=Penn State to be investigated by Department of Education|work=Politico|date=November 9, 2011|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
68. ^1 {{cite news|title=Sandusky's Second Mile charity: Donate elsewhere|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57332367/sanduskys-second-mile-charity-donate-elsewhere/ | publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=November 28, 2011|accessdate=November 29, 2011}}
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72. ^{{cite news|first=Sara|last=Ganim|authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/03/experts_penn_state_investigati.html|title=Experts: Penn State investigation could focus on cover-up|work=The Patriot-News|publisher=Advance Publications|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=March 3, 2012|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}
73. ^{{cite news|first=Maureen |last=Dowd |authorlink=Maureen Dowd| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/opinion/dowd-the-constant-wife.html?ref=maureendowd |title=The Constant Wife |work=The New York Times|publisher=New York Times Company |location=New York City|date=June 19, 2012 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
74. ^{{cite web|first=Dan|last=Wetzel|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/ncaaf--sandusky-to-testify-alleged-victims-photos-opening-statements.html|title=Jerry Sandusky to testify; trial's opening statements include photos of alleged victims|website=Yahoo! Sports|date=June 11, 2012|accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-57456908-504083/jerry-sandusky-trial-defense-rests-without-sandusky-testifying/|title=Jerry Sandusky Trial: Defense rests without Sandusky testifying|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=June 20, 2012|accessdate=August 8, 2012}}
76. ^{{cite news|first1=Mark|last1=Scolforo|first2=Genaro|last2=Armas|title=Ex-Penn St. assistant Sandusky convicted of abuse|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_PENN_STATE_ABUSE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-06-22-22-18-58|agency=Associated Press|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=June 22, 2012}}
77. ^{{cite news|first=Joe|last=Drape|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/22/sports/ncaafootball/jerry-sandusky-convicted-of-sexually-abusing-boys.html|title=Sandusky Convicted of Sexually Abusing Boys|work=The New York Times|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2012}}
78. ^{{cite web|first=Genaro C.|last=Armas|url=https://news.yahoo.com/lawyer-jerry-sandusky-still-says-hes-not-guilty-192921479--spt.html|title=Lawyer: Jerry Sandusky still says he's not guilty|publisher=Yahoo!|agency=Associated Press|date=June 25, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8161741/penn-state-nittany-lions-jerry-sandusky-lawyers-file-appeal-vs-judge-order|title=Jerry Sandusky's lawyers file appeal|publisher=ESPN.com news services|date=July 12, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
80. ^{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Vorhees|title=Jerry Sandusky Verdict: Former Penn State coach found guilty of child sex crimes.|url=http://slatest.slate.com/posts/2012/06/22/jerry_sandusky_verdict_former_penn_state_coach_found_guilty_of_child_sex_crimes_.html|work=Slate|publisher=The Slate Group|location=San Francisco, California|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=June 22, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623175618/http://slatest.slate.com/posts/2012/06/22/jerry_sandusky_verdict_former_penn_state_coach_found_guilty_of_child_sex_crimes_.html|archivedate=June 23, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
81. ^{{cite web|first1=Kimberly|last1=Kaplan|first2=M. Alex|last2=Johnson|title=Sandusky convicted of 45 counts, plans to appeal|url=http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/22/12363955-sandusky-convicted-of-45-counts-plans-to-appeal?lite|publisher=MSNBC|date=June 22, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2012}}
82. ^{{cite news|first=Ian|last=Simpson|title=Sandusky to be sentenced after October 9 predator hearing|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/17/us-usa-pennstate-sandusky-idUSBRE88G11E20120917|publisher=Reuters|date=September 17, 2012|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/8390540/jerry-sandusky-sentenced-oct-9-abuse-case|title=Jerry Sandusky hearing set for Oct. 9]|publisher=ESPN|date=September 17, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
84. ^+{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8319135/board-says-jerry-sandusky-fits-predator-status-according-report|title=Report: Jerry Sandusky fits 'predator'|publisher=ESPN|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/10/jerry_sandusky_sentencing_hear.html|title=Jerry Sandusky sentencing hearing opens with Sandusky being labeled a sexually violent predator|work=The Patriot News|publisher=PennLive|date=October 9, 2012|accessdate=October 9, 2012}}
86. ^{{cite news|first=Paula Reed|last=Ward|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/state/spanier-facing-charges-in-psu-abuse-case-660125/|title=Spanier facing charges in abuse case at Penn State|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|date=November 1, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
87. ^{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Isikoff|authorlink=Michael Isikoff|url=http://openchannel.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/11/01/14852918-former-penn-state-president-graham-spanier-faces-charges-tied-to-child-sex-abuse-scandal|title=Former Penn State president Graham Spanier faces charges tied to child sex abuse scandal|publisher=NBC News|date=November 1, 2012|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
88. ^{{cite news|first=Sara|last=Ganim|authorlink=Sara Ganim|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/11/spanier_charged_with_obstructi.html|title=Ex-PSU President Graham Spanier charged with obstruction, endangerment and perjury; more charges filed against other administrators |work=The Patriot-News|publisher=Advance Publications|location=Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|date=November 1, 2012|accessdate=November 1, 2012}}
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90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.witf.org/regional-state-news/transcript-of-penn-state-administrators-hearings-made-public|title=Transcript of Penn State administrators' hearings made public}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dauphincounty.org/_files/3193.pdf|title=Transcript of Proceedings – Preliminary Hearing, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Timothy Mark Curley, December 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709220125/http://www.dauphincounty.org/_files/3193.pdf|archivedate=July 9, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/crime_courts/article_4accad8a-10d0-11e7-bcfa-1318ae9ed6a1.html|title=Jury finds former Penn State President Graham Spanier guilty of one count of child endangerment, not guilty on other charges |author= Frank Esposito, The Daily Collegian |date= |website= psu.edu |accessdate= March 27, 2018}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/news/2017/06/judge_slams_paterno_mcqueary_a.html|title=Judge slams Paterno, McQueary as he sends Spanier, Curley and Schultz to jail over Sandusky child-sex case|author=|date=|website=pennlive.com|accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
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95. ^{{cite news|last=Lang |first=Brent |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/11/us-media-pennstate-idUSTRE7AA4YJ20111111 |title=Penn State scandal: what took the media so long? |publisher=Reuters |date= November 11, 2011|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/11/penn_state_child_sex-abuse_sca.html |title=Penn State child sex-abuse scandal: When we had the facts, we ran the story |publisher=Penn Live |accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
97. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2012-Local-Reporting|title=The 2012 Pulitzer Prize Winners – Local Reporting|date=April 16, 2012| publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2012}}
98. ^Joe Paterno hires criminal defense lawyer J. Sedgwick Sellers. ABC News, November 11, 2011.
99. ^Drehs, Wayne. Coach may have whistle-blower status. ESPN, November 11, 2011.
100. ^{{cite web|first=Dave|last=Miller|title=For Joe Pa, the time is up|url=http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/For-Joe-Pa-the-time-is-up.html|work=National Football Post|publisher=Reign Net Media, LLC|location=La Jolla, California|date=November 7, 2011|accessdate=November 21, 2011|quote=When Pennsylvania attorney general Linda Kelly said Monday that the Sandusky investigation is ongoing, she noted that Paterno is "not regarded as a target at this point." For Joe Pa, this has nothing to do with legality. He obeyed the law by relaying the knowledge of sexual assault to his superiors.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111001435/http://www.nationalfootballpost.com/For-Joe-Pa-the-time-is-up.html|archivedate=November 11, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
101. ^{{cite news|first=Maureen |last=Dowd |authorlink=Maureen Dowd|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/opinion/dowd-personal-foul-at-penn.html?_r=1&ref=maureendowd |title=Personal Foul at Penn State |work=The New York Times |publisher=New York Times Company|date=November 9, 2011 |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}
102. ^Robert Hoatson and David Clohessy
103. ^{{cite news |first=Michael | last=O'Keefe | url= http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/penn-state-coach-jerry-sandusky-arrested-child-sex-case-ad-tim-curley-charged-perjury-article-1.972670 | title=Former Penn State coach Jerry Sandusky arrested in child sex case; AD Tim Curley charged with perjury | newspaper=New York Daily News | publisher=Tronc| location=New York City| date=November 6, 2011 | accessdate=November 6, 2011}}
104. ^{{cite news|first=Elex|last=Michaelson|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/national_world&id=8433662|title=McQueary on alleged Sandusky attack: 'I did stop it'|publisher=KABC|location=State College, Pennsylvania|date=November 16, 2011}}
105. ^{{cite news|first=Andy|last=Staples|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/andy_staples/11/10/penn-state-mike-mcqueary/index.html|title=Penn State making progress, but two personnel moves still remain|work=Sports Illustrated|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City|date=November 10, 2011|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120034104/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/andy_staples/11/10/penn-state-mike-mcqueary/index.html |archive-date=January 20, 2012}}
106. ^{{cite news|first=Rana L.|last=Cash|url=http://aol.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/feed/2011-11/penn-state-scandal/story/tom-bradley-steps-in-with-very-mixed-emotions-at-penn-state|title=Tom Bradley steps in with 'very mixed emotions' at Penn State|work=Sporting News|publisher=Sporting News Media|location=Charlotte, North Carolina|date=November 11, 2011|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}
107. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/story/16017251/two-top-officials-step-down-amid-penn-state-scandal?ttag=gen10_on_all_fb_na_txt_0001 | title=Police official: Paterno didn't do enough to stop abuse | publisher=CBS Sports | date=November 7, 2011 | accessdate=November 7, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310122631/http://www.cbssports.com/collegefootball/story/16017251/two-top-officials-step-down-amid-penn-state-scandal?ttag=gen10_on_all_fb_na_txt_0001 | archivedate=March 10, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}
108. ^{{cite news |first1=Adam |last1=Rittenberg|first2=Brian|last2=Bennett |url=http://espn.go.com/blog/bigten/post/_/id/37765/joe-paterno-statement-on-sandusky-case |title=Joe Paterno statement on Sandusky case |date=November 6, 2011 |publisher=ESPN |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/639PgaQkQ?url=http://espn.go.com/blog/bigten/post/_/id/37765/joe-paterno-statement-on-sandusky-case |archivedate=November 12, 2011}}
109. ^{{cite news |first=Sally |last=Jenkins |authorlink=Sally Jenkins |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/colleges/joe-paternos-first-interview-since-the-penn-state-sandusky-scandal/2012/01/13/gIQA08e4yP_print.html |title=Joe Paterno's last interview |date=January 13, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher=Nash holdings LLC|location=Washington DC|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64uhvPuqP?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/colleges/joe-paternos-first-interview-since-the-penn-state-sandusky-scandal/2012/01/13/gIQA08e4yP_print.html |archivedate=January 23, 2012}}
110. ^{{cite news |first=Genaro C. |last=Armas| url=http://tribune-democrat.com/latestnews/x1669698696/Family-football-meant-everything-to-Paterno| title=Family, football meant everything to Paterno |newspaper=The Tribune Democrat |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Community Newspaper Holdings Inc|location=Johnstown, Pennsylvania|date=January 23, 2012| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64ujhuGx2?url=http://tribune-democrat.com/latestnews/x1669698696/Family-football-meant-everything-to-Paterno |archivedate=January 23, 2012}}
111. ^{{cite book|first=Joe|last=Posnanski|title=Paterno|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2013|location=New York City|page=334}}
112. ^{{cite news |first=Mike | last=Wise | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/if-jerry-sandusky-allegations-are-true-penn-state-and-joe-paterno-deserve/2011/11/05/gIQAYIucqM_story.html?hpid=z2 | title=If Jerry Sandusky allegations are true, Penn State and Joe Paterno deserve part of the blame | newspaper=The Washington Post | publisher=Nash Holdings LLC| location=Washington, DC | date=November 5, 2011 | accessdate=November 6, 2011}}
113. ^{{cite news |first=Matt | last=Hayes| url=http://aol.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2011-11-07/university-culture-protected-paterno-buried-penn-state-deeper-in-scandal#ixzz1d4DsqvBZ | title=University culture protected Paterno, buried Penn State deeper in scandal | newspaper=Sporting News | publisher = Sporting News Media | location = Charlotte, North Carolina | date=November 7, 2011 | accessdate=November 7, 2011}}
114. ^"Mike'd Up", WFAN-AM, November 9, 2011.
115. ^{{cite episode |url=http://current.com/shows/countdown/videos/worst-persons-michele-bachmann-bill-oreilly-joe-paterno|series=Countdown with Keith Olbermann |network=Current TV |date=November 9, 2011}}
116. ^{{cite news|first=Robert Bernard|last=Haas|url=http://www.centredaily.com/2011/12/13/3018320/the-fall-of-the-house-of-paterno.html|title=The fall of the house of Paterno|work=Centre Daily Times|publisher=The McClatchy Company|location=State College, Pennsylvania|date=December 13, 2011|deadurl=yes|archive-url=http://archive.li/h8bfK|archive-date=January 8, 2012}}
117. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/11/our_view.html |title=Our View: Penn State's Graham Spanier, Joe Paterno need to leave as result of Jerry Sandusky case. Doing what the law required wasn't enough |author=Patriot-News Editorial Board |work=The Patriot-News |date=November 8, 2011 |accessdate=November 8, 2011}}
118. ^{{cite news |first=Ron |last=Cook| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11312/1188241-87-0.stm |title=Paterno, McQueary need to do right thing |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |publisher=Block Communications| location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania| date=November 8, 2011|accessdate=April 19, 2018}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2c811Br5qh8|title= Video report by Slate magazine about Costas' interview|work=Slate – YouTube|date=November 15, 2011|accessdate=November 17, 2011}}
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/costas-on-sandusky-interview-he-agreed-to-talk-last-minute-44196931616|title=Morning Joe: Costas on Sandusky|date=November 15, 2011|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cc.com/video-clips/6uyuv5/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-jerry-sandusky-phone-interview|title=Jerry Sandusky phone interview|work=The Daily Show with Jon Stewart|date=November 15, 2011|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
122. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/45296467#45298030|title=Video of Bob Costas interview with Jerry Sandusky|work=NBC: Rock Center with Brian Williams|date=November 15, 2011|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}
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125. ^1 {{cite news|first1=L. Jon|last1=Wertheim|first2=David|last2=Epstein|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/magazine/11/16/penn.st/index.html|title=Special Report: Scandal. Shame. A search for answers at Penn State|work=Sports Illustrated|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City|date=November 21, 2011|accessdate=November 30, 2011}}
126. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57341586/penn-states-insular-culture-shielded-sandusky/ | agency=Associated Press | publisher=CBS News | title=Penn State's insular culture shielded Sandusky | date=December 11, 2011 | accessdate=February 15, 2012}}
127. ^{{cite journal | first1=Libby | last1=Sander | first2=Jack | last2=Stripling| url=http://chronicle.com/article/An-Insular-Penn-State-Stayed/129713/ | title=An Insular Penn State Stayed Silent | journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education | publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc.| location = Washington DC| date=November 10, 2011 | accessdate=February 15, 2012}}
128. ^{{cite news | first=Richard |last=Pérez-Peña| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/sports/ncaafootball/penn-states-graham-spanier-enjoyed-success-and-secrecy.html?pagewanted=all | title=Rich in Success, Rooted in Secrecy | newspaper=The New York Times | publisher=New York Times Company| location=New York City| date=November 21, 2011 | accessdate=February 15, 2012}}
129. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/13/opinion/la-oe-1113-hubler-pennstate-20111113 | title=The cult of Penn State | first=Shawn | last=Hubler | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=November 13, 2011 | accessdate=February 15, 2012}}
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172. ^Former FBI director Freeh to conduct independent investigation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123141701/http://live.psu.edu/story/56476 |date=November 23, 2011 }} Penn State Live, November 21, 2011
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174. ^Achenbach, Joel, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/in-sandusky-trial-testimony-shows-how-suspicions-led-to-silence/2012/06/17/gJQABTVijV_story_1.html "In Sandusky trial, testimony shows how suspicions led to silence" web p. 2], Washington Post, June 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
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291. ^{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Charles|title=Penn State says it will pay record Clery Act fine of $2.4 million|url=http://www.pennlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/11/penn_state_says_it_will_pay_re.html|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Penn Live|date=2016-11-25}}
292. ^{{cite news|last1=Schackner|first1=Bill|title=Penn State will pay $2.4 million for not disclosing crime statistics|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/education/2016/11/25/Penn-State-University-will-pay-record-2-4-million-fine-for-Clery-Act-violations-Jerry-Sandusky-scandal/stories/201611250197|accessdate=20 February 2017|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=2016-11-25}}
293. ^{{cite press release |date=2016-11-03 |title=U.S. Department of Education Levies Historic Fine Against Penn State Over Handling of Sexual Misconduct Incidents |url=https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-levies-historic-fine-against-penn-state-over-handling-sexual-misconduct-incidents|agency=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=2019-01-06}}
294. ^{{cite news|title=Pennsylvania State May Be Downgraded by Moody's in Wake of Abuse Scandal|author=Brian Chappatta and Greg Chang|publisher=Bloomberg|date=November 11, 2011|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-11/pennsylvania-state-may-be-downgraded-by-moody-s-in-wake-of-abuse-scandal.html}}
295. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/12048/1210912-100.stm | title=Moody's confirms Penn State bond rating | first=Bill | last=Schackner | newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=February 17, 2012 | accessdate=February 20, 2012}}
296. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/bigten/story/2012-07-24/moodys-might-downgrade-penn-state-credit-rating/56457656/1|title=Moody's considers downgrading Penn State credit rating|publisher=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=2012-07-24|accessdate=2012-07-24}}
297. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Pennsylvania-State-Universitys-long-term-rating-to-Aa2--PR_258616 | title=Rating Action: Moody's downgrades Pennsylvania State University's long-term rating to Aa2 from Aa1, affecting $893 million of outstanding rated debt|date=2012-10-26|accessdate=2017-02-20}}
298. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-upgrades-Penn-State-to-Aa1-outlook-stable--PR_903141434 | title=Rating Action: Moody's upgrades Penn State to Aa1; outlook stable | date=2016-02-26 | accessdate=2017-02-20}}
299. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-state-farm-pulls-sponsorship-of-penn-st-football-20120724,0,523618.story|title=State Farm pulls sponsorship of Penn State football|publisher=Chicago Tribune|last=Bergen|first=Kathy|date=July 24, 2012|accessdate=July 24, 2012}}
300. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/14/us-crime-pennstate-cost-idUSTRE81D1Z720120214 | title=Penn State spends $3.2 million on sex abuse scandal | first=Dave | last=Warner | editor-first=Barbara | editor-last=Goldberg | editor2-first=Greg |editor2-last=McCune | publisher=Reuters | date=February 14, 2012 | accessdate=February 14, 2012}}
301. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/penn-state-receives-accreditation-warning-062847334--spt.html|title=Penn State receives accreditation warning|date=August 14, 2012|work=Yahoo News|accessdate=May 2, 2015}}
302. ^{{cite web |url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/accreditor-lifts-warning-placed-on-penn-state-for-handling-of-sex-abuse-scandal/51926 |title=Accreditor Lifts Warning Placed on Penn State for Handling of Sex-Abuse Scandal |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |author=Nick DeSantis |date=November 16, 2012 |accessdate=November 17, 2012}}

Further reading

{{cite book|last1=Moushey|first1=Bill|last2=Dvorchak|first2=Robert|title=Game Over: Jerry Sandusky, Penn State, and the Culture of Silence|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2012|isbn= 9780062201133|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Aaron|last2=Gillum|first2=Michael|last3=Daniels|first3=Dawn |title=Silent No More: Victim 1's Fight for Justice Against Jerry Sandusky|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=2012|isbn= 978-0345544162|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Ronald A. |title=Wounded Lions: Joe Paterno, Jerry Sandusky, and the Crises in Penn State Athletics|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2016|isbn= 978-0-252-08149-1|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last=Pendergrast|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Pendergrast|title=The Most Hated Man in America: Jerry Sandusky and the Rush to Judgement|publisher=Sunbury Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1620067659|ref=harv}}

External links

  • Sandusky, Penn State case timeline
  • Jerry Sandusky collected news and commentary from the Patriot-News.
  • The Freeh Report, its full title is Report of the Special Investigative Counsel Regarding the Actions of the Pennsylvania State University Related to the Child Sexual Abuse Committed by Gerald A. Sandusky.
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