| 词条 | People's Commissariat for Communications | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agency_name = People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR |nativename = Народный комиссариат связи СССР (НКС СССР, Наркомсвязь СССР) |logo = NKS SSSR.jpg |logo_width = 180 |logo_caption = Official emblem of the Commissariat on a telephone hatch in Kharkov |formed = {{start date and age|1932|1|17|df=y}} |preceding1 = People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR (since 8 November 1917) |preceding2 = People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR (since 12 November 1923) |dissolved = {{end date and age|1946|3|15|df=y}} |superseding = Ministry of Communications of the USSR |jurisdiction = Council of People's Commissars |headquarters = 7 Gorky Street, Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet Union |coordinates = {{coord|55|45|26|N|37|36|53|E|type:landmark_region:SU|display=inline}} |employees = |budget = varied |chief1_name = Alexey Rykov (1932–36) |chief1_position = People's Commissar for Communications |child1_agency = several |map = Soviet Union Map.png |map_width = |map_caption = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics }} The People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR ({{lang-ru|Народный комиссариат связи СССР}}) was the central state agency of the Soviet Union for communications in the period 1932 to 1946. The Commissariat administered the postal, telegraph and telephone services. HistoryThe Commissariat was organised on 17 January 1932 by renaming from the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR.[1] Over the years of the pre-World War II five-year plans (1929–1940), there was a rapid development of the Soviet communication system and industry. High-frequency equipment was introduced for long-distance communication. Use of such equipment allowed to transmit three, four, or 12 telephone calls over a pair of wires or 16 telegrams over a single telephone channel. In 1939, construction of a high-frequency three-channel line between Moscow and Khabarovsk (8,600 km) provided dependable communication between the USSR central regions and the Far East. By late 1940, the Moscow Central Telegraph Office had 22 facsimile lines. In 1941, a 12-channel line between Moscow and Leningrad was put into operation that meant the concurrent transmission of 12 telephone calls over a single pair of wires.[2] In the 1930s, the rural (intraraion) telephone communication was first set up. In 1940, it reached 70% of the areas under rural soviets, 76.3% of the sovkhozes, and 9.2% of the kolkhozes.[2] The radio broadcasting network experienced significant expansion. In the early 1930s, the Comintern Radio Station, with a power of 500 kW, was constructed along with a number of other stations with a power of 100 kW each. The receiving network was augmented, while a system for wired broadcasting via rebroadcasting centres was arranged. Regular television programming was initiated in 1939.[2] During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, steady communication was organised between the General Headquarters of the Supreme Command and the fronts. Soviet postal service administered by the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR delivered billions of letters via the postal network and the military postal units of the army in the field.[2] Up to 70 million parcels per month were delivered to the Soviet Army front from the rear under extremely difficult and often very dangerous conditions. Because of the war time, almost half the telephone offices became inoperative but were restored soon after the war. By 1948, telephone system capacity and number of installed telephone sets exceeded the prewar level.[2] In the postwar times, mail service had undergone quantitative and qualitative changes. In 1946, the People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was transformed into the Ministry of Communications of the USSR.[3] Philatelic policyThe People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was responsible for issuing postage stamps. It also sold stamps to philatelic organisations and collectors. By 1939–1940, the revenue from stamp sales through philatelic organisations was significant. In that same year, it secured over 85% of the total income of the Commissariat (or 17.28 million rubles of 19.833 million rubles). The Soviet government was not an exception among the other states in terms of deriving a profit from the postage stamp trade. In fact, many governments around the world developed similar policies for issuing stamps:[4] {{cquote|Most stamps, particularly in the 1920s and afterwards, lost their purely postal character in favour of other ends. Some countries began to give philatelic issues their special attention in order to derive a sizable part of the national income from the sale of stamps.|author=Carlos Stoetzer|source="Postage Stamps as Propaganda", Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press,1953, 2.}}List of chiefsOver the years, the Commissariat was headed by the following officers:
See also{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А.|editor1-last=Владинец, Н. И. [Vladinets, N. I.]|editor2-last=Якобс, В. А. [Yakobs, V. A.]|title=Большой филателистический словарь|trans-title=Great Philatelic Dictionary|url=http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/dic_philately/|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z8XARfHl|archivedate=2015-06-08|accessdate=2015-06-08|year=1988|publisher=Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p|location=М. [Moscow]|language=ru|isbn=5-256-00175-2|trans-chapter=People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR|chapter=Народный комиссариат связи СССР|chapterurl=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1852}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Давыдов, Г. Б. [Davydov, G. B.]|editor1-last=Прохоров, А. М., гл. ред.|title=Большая советская энциклопедия: в 30 т. (1970–1979)|trans-title=The Great Soviet Encyclopedia|accessdate=2015-06-08|edition=3rd|volume=24 (кн. 2) (Союз Советских Социалистических Республик)|year=1977|publisher=Советская энциклопедия [Soviet Encyclopedia]|location=М. [Moscow]|language=Russian, English|trans-chapter=Economy|chapter=Связь|chapterurl=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Economy}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Владинец, Н. И.; Ильичёв, Л. И.; Левитас, И. Я.; Мазур, П. Ф.; Меркулов, И. Н.; Моросанов, И. А.; Мякота, Ю. К.; Панасян, С. А.; Рудников, Ю. М.; Слуцкий, М. Б.; Якобс, В. А.|editor1-last=Владинец, Н. И. [Vladinets, N. I.]|editor2-last=Якобс, В. А. [Yakobs, V. A.]|title=Большой филателистический словарь|trans-title=Great Philatelic Dictionary|url=http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/dic_philately/|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z8DLCAqK|archivedate=2015-06-08|accessdate=2015-06-08|year=1988|publisher=Радио и связь [Radio i svyaz']. 320 p|location=М. [Moscow]|language=ru|isbn=5-256-00175-2|trans-chapter=Ministry of Communications of the USSR|chapter=Министерство связи СССР|chapterurl=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_philately/1752}} 4. ^{{cite journal|author=Grant, J.|date=July 1995|title=The socialist construction of philately in the early Soviet era|url=http://cabdirect.cab.semcs.net/abstracts/19961801522.html|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=37|issue=3|pages=476–493|doi=10.1017/S0010417500019770|issn=0010-4175|jstor=179216|accessdate=2015-05-15}} Archived from [https://www.webcitation.org/6YXgzUUR4 the original] and [https://www.webcitation.org/6YXguzrX2 another source] on 2015-05-15. External links
9 : People's Commissariats and Ministries of the Soviet Union|1932 establishments in the Soviet Union|1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union|Communications ministries|Communications in the Soviet Union|Postal organizations|Postal history of Russia|Postage stamps of the Soviet Union|Philately of the Soviet Union |
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