1. Crusades

2. Catholic activities in Early modern Europe
    Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth  Habsburg Monarchy 

3. Persecution in the Ottoman Empire

4. Interwar period

5. World War II
    Persecution of Serbs 

6. Contemporary
    Former Yugoslavia  Kosovo  Russia 

7. See also

8. References

9. Further reading

Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians is the persecution faced by church, clergy and adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church (Orthodox Christianity) because of religious beliefs and practices. Orthodox Christians have been persecuted in various periods when under the rule of non-Orthodox Christian political structures. In modern times, anti-religious political movements and regimes in some countries have held an anti-Orthodox stance.

Crusades

The Crusades of the Middle Ages brought many challenges to relations between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Christianity in general. Major problems arose during the First Crusade with the creation of Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem in 1099 and the attempts of its Latin clergy to suppress Orthodoxy in the Holy Land. At the same time, a new Latin Patriarchate of Antioch was created in 1100 and its existence was marked by the attempts of Latin clergy to suppress Orthodoxy in Syria.{{fact|date=January 2018}} The later events of the Second Crusade and Third Crusade only worsened the situation.{{fact|date=January 2018}}

The point of no-return was reached during the Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (1204).{{fact|date=January 2018}} Religious policy of Crusaders and Roman Catholic Church resulted in systematic{{cn|date=February 2018}} suppression of Eastern Orthodox Church by take over of churches and monasteries, expulsion or persecution of Orthodox bishops, priests and monks after the creation of Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople and the forceful establishment of Catholic hierarchy throughout the Byzantine lands. Byzantine rule in Constantinople was restored in 1261 but various regions of Greece remained under local Latin rulers who continued to oppress Orthodox Christians until Turkish invasion in the 15th century.{{fact|date=January 2018}}

Catholic activities in Early modern Europe

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

 {{Main article|Union of Brest|Union of Uzhhorod}} 

During the 16th century, under the influence of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, rising pressures towards Orthodox Christians in White Ruthenia and other Eastern parts of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the enforcement of the Union of Brest in 1595-96. Until that time, most Belarusians and Ukrainians who lived under the rule of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were Orthodox Christians. Pressed by the state authorities,{{fact|date=February 2018}} their hierarchs gathered in synod in the city of Brest and composed 33 articles of Union, which were accepted by the Roman Catholic Church.

At first, the Union appeared to be successful, but soon it lost much of its initial support,^[1] mainly due to its forceful implementation on the Orthodox parishes and subsequent persecution of all who did not want to accept the Union.{{fact|date=February 2018}} Enforcement of the Union stirred several massive uprisings, particularly the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and together alliance of Ukrainian Catholics and Belarussian-Ukrainian Orthodox because of which the Commonwealth lost Left-bank Ukraine.{{fact|date=February 2018}}

In 1656, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch Macarios III Zaim lamented over the atrocities committed by the Polish Catholics against followers of Eastern Orthodoxy in various parts of Ukraine. Macarios was quoted as stating that seventeen or eighteen thousand followers of Eastern Orthodoxy were killed under hands of the Catholics, and that he desired Ottoman sovereignty over Catholic subjugation, stating:

God perpetuate the empire of the Turks for ever and ever! For they take their impost, and enter no account of religion, be their subjects Christians or Nazarenes, Jews or Samaritians; whereas these accursed Poles were not content with taxes and tithes from the brethren of Christ...^[2]

Habsburg Monarchy

Since the many migrations of Serbs (predominantly and traditionally Eastern Orthodox) into the Habsburg Monarchy beginning in the 16th century, there were efforts to Catholicize the community. The Orthodox Eparchy of Marča became the Catholic Eparchy of Križevci after waves of Uniatization in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[3] Notable individuals active in the Catholicisation of Serbs in the 17th century include Martin Dobrović, Benedikt Vinković, Petar Petretić, Rafael Levaković, Ivan Paskvali and Juraj Parčić.^[3][4][5] Catholic bishops Vinković and Petretić wrote numerous inaccurate texts meant to incite hatred against Serbs and Orthodox Christians, some of which included advice on how to Catholicize the Serbs.^[6]

Persecution in the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire grouped the Orthodox Christians into the Rum Millet. In tax registries, Christians were recorded as "infidels" (see giaour).^[7] After the Great Turkish War (1683–99), relations between Muslims and Christians in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire were radicalized, gradually taking more extreme forms and resulting in occasional calls of Muslim religious leaders for expulsion or extermination of local Christians, and also Jews.{{fact|date=February 2018}} As a result of Ottoman oppression, destruction of churches and violence against the non-Muslim civilian population, Serbs and their church leaders headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III sided with the Austrians in 1689, and again in 1737 under Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV, in war.{{fact|date=February 2018}} In the following punitive campaigns, Ottoman forces conducted atrocities, resulting in the "Great Migrations of the Serbs".^[8] In retaliation of the Greek rebellion, Ottomans authorities orchestrated massacres of Greeks in Constantinople in 1821.

During the Bulgarian Uprising (1876) and Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), persecution of Bulgarian Christian population was conducted by Turkish soldiers who massacred civilians, mainly in the regions of Panagurishte, Perushtitza, Bratzigovo, and Batak (see Batak massacre).^[9] During the war, whole cities including (Stara Zagora) were destroyed and many inhabitants massacred, the rest being expelled or enslaved.{{fact|date=February 2018}} The atrocities included severe forms of torture.{{fact|date=February 2018}} Similar atrocities were undertaken by Turkish troops against Serbian Christians during Serbian-Turkish War (1876-1878).

Interwar period

The eastern part of Poland has a long history of Catholic–Orthodox rivalry.^[10] The Roman Catholic clergy in the Chełm region in Poland was unambiguously anti-Orthodox in the Interwar period.^[11][12][13] Ukraine, which has been a religious borderland, has a long history of religious conflict.^[14]

World War II

Persecution of Serbs

The Croatian nationalist Ustashe created the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) four days after the German invasion of Yugoslavia. Croatia was set up as an Italian protectorate. Around a third of the population was Orthodox (ethnic Serb). The Ustashe followed Nazi ideology, and set up a goal of creating an ethnically pure Greater Croatia; Jews, Gypsies and especially Serbs were targeted and victims of genocidal policies.^[15] The Ustashe recognized both Roman Catholicism and Islam as the national religions of Croatia, but held the position that Eastern Orthodoxy, as a symbol of Serb identity, was a dangerous foe.^[16] In the spring and summer of 1941 the extermination campaign against Orthodox Serbs began and concentration camps like Jasenovac were created. Serbs were murdered and forcibly converted, in order to Croatize,^[16] and permanently destroy the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[17] The Catholic leadership in Croatia mostly supported the Ustashe actions.^[16][18] Orthodox bishops and priests were persecuted, arrested and tortured or killed (several hundreds) and hundreds (most^[17]) of Orthodox churches were closed, destroyed, or plundered by the Ustashe.^[16] Sometimes entire villages were locked inside the local Orthodox church and then set alight.^[15] Hundreds of thousands of Orthodox Serbs were forced to flee from Ustashe-held territories into Serbia.^[18] It was not until the end of the war that the Serbian Orthodox Church would function again in western parts of Yugoslavia.

The persecution of Orthodox priests in World War II increased the popularity of the Orthodox Church in Serbia.^[19]

Contemporary

At the Orthodox conference in Istanbul on 12–15 March 1992, the church leaders issued a statement:^[20]

Former Yugoslavia

Some Serbs viewed the Catholic leadership's support for political division along ethnic and religious lines in Croatia during the breakup of Yugoslavia, and support for the Albanian cause in Kosovo as anti-Serb and anti-Orthodox.^[21] Serbian media propaganda during the Milošević regime portrayed Croatia and Slovenia as part of an anti-Orthodox "Catholic alliance".^[22]

Kosovo

In 2003 the Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo claimed that the Roman Catholic Church in Kosovo was increasingly anti-Serbian and anti-Orthodox.^[23] Numerous Serbian cultural sites in Kosovo were destroyed during and after the Kosovo War. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, 155 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were destroyed by Kosovo Albanians between June 1999 and March 2004.^[24]

Russia

Russian nationalists view the United States as the centre of Western anti-Russian, anti-Slavic and anti-Orthodox 'conspiracy that aims to destroy Russia', and has used the NATO intervention in the Bosnian War (1992–95) as an argument for this.^[25]

In 1998 and 2000, in various towns in Russia, Orthodox fundamentalists accused texts written by liberal Orthodox theologicians of being "anti-Orthodox" and destroyed them in a public book burning.^[26]

See also

• Anti-Catholicism
• Anti-Protestantism
• Byzantine Iconoclasm
• Persecution of Christians

References

Further reading

• {{cite book|author=Dionisije Milivojevich|title=The Persecution of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqsaAAAAMAAJ|year=1945|publisher=Serbian Orthodox Monastery of St. Sava}}
• {{cite book|author=Michael Bourdeaux|title=Patriarch and Prophets: Persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwNLAAAAIAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Praeger}}

• Olive Branch High School (Olive Branch, Mississippi)
• Olive Branch, Ohio
• Olive Branch Operation
• Olive Branch Press
• Olive Branch Railroad Station
• Olive Branch Records
• Olive-breasted greenbul
• Olive-Breasted Greenbul
• Olive-breasted Mountain Greenbul
• Olive-breasted mountain greenbul
• Olive-Breasted Mountain Greenbul
• Olive-Brown Oriole
• Oliveburg, Pennsylvania
• Olive Byamukama
• Olive Byrne
• Olive Chadeayne
• Olive Christelle Ngo Nyepel
• Olive Christian Malvery
• Olive Cook
• Olive Cooper
• Olive Craddock
• Olive crescent
• Olive-crowned Bulbul
• Olive-crowned bulbul
• Olive-Crowned Bulbul