| 词条 | Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii |
| 释义 |
| name = Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii | image = Swiss-needle-cast-on-Douglas-fir-Phaeocryptopus-gaeumannii-close-up.jpg | image_width = 275px | image_caption = Fruiting bodies of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii | regnum = Fungi | divisio = Ascomycota | classis = Dothideomycetes | ordo = Pleosporales | familia = Venturiaceae | genus = Phaeocryptopus | species = P. gaeumannii | binomial = Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii | binomial_authority = (T.Rohde) Petrak (1938)[1] | synonyms = Adelopus gäumanni T.Rohde (1936)[2] }}Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii is a fungus that infects Douglas fir and causes Swiss needle cast, a yellowing of foliage and reduction in growth. It is endemic in western North American stands of Douglas fir, but was first discovered in Douglas fir trees planted Switzerland. When trees in America were checked, it was found that the fungus was common but apparently caused no disease. However, in the 1980s and 90s the disease became noticeable and problematic.[3][4] The classification of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii within the Venturiaceae has been questioned, with molecular studies placing it in the Mycosphaerellaceae (Capnodiales), close to species of Mycosphaerella and Rasutoria, such as Rasutoria pseudotsugae and Rasutoria tsugae.[5] The fungus infects trees in the spring, and continues to develop over the following winter. The fungus causes yellowing (chlorosis) of the needles, with eventual necrosis and premature needle-drop. In some heavily diseased stands of trees, the only needles remaining are those of the current year, in which the disease has not yet had time to fully develop. The overall result for the infected tree is reduced growth.[6][7] The fungus is temperature dependent within the Douglas fir range, with the highest level of infection in the warmest part of the range.[7][8] Growth reduction in the warm part of the range averages 35%.[9] Gallery{{Clear}}References1. ^{{Cite journal|author=Petrak, Franz|authorlink=Franz Petrak|year=1938|title=Beiträge zur Systematik und Phylogenie der Gattung Phaeocryptopus Naumov|language=German|journal=Annales Mycologici|volume=36|pages=9–26}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|author=Rohde T.|year=1936|title=Adelopus gauemannii n. sp. und die von ihm hervorgerunfene "Schweizer" Douglasienschüt.|language=German|journal=Forst Woch Silva|volume=24|pages=420–422}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gabriela Ritóková|display-authors=etal|title=Swiss Needle Cast in Western Oregon Douglas-Fir Plantations: 20-Year Monitoring Results|journal=Forests|date=Jul 26, 2016|doi=10.3390/f7080155|url=http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/2016_Ritokova_forests.pdf}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|author=Boyce, J. S.|year=1940|title=A needle-cast of Douglas fir associated with Adelopus gäumanni|journal=Phytopathology|volume=30|issue=8|pages=649–659}} Abstract 5. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Winton, Loretta M. |author2=Stone, Jeffrey K. |author3=Hansen, Everett M. |author4=Shoemaker, R. A. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007|title=The systematic position of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii|journal=Mycologia|volume=99|issue=2|pages=240–252|doi=10.3852/mycologia.99.2.240|url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/99/2/240.full.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112234125/http://www.mycologia.org/content/99/2/240.full.pdf|archivedate=14 January 2014|deadurl=no}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Stone, Jeffrey K. |author2=Capitano, Bryan R. |author3=Kerrigan, Julia L. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2008|title=The histopathology of Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on Douglas-fir needles|journal=Mycologia|volume=100| issue = =3|pages=431–444|doi=10.3852/07-170R1|url=http://www.mycologia.org/content/100/3/431.full.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112235642/http://www.mycologia.org/content/100/3/431.full.pdf|archivedate=14 January 2014|deadurl=no}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|author=Hood, Ian A.|year=1982|title=Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on Pseudotsuga menziesii in southern British Columbia|journal=New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science|volume=12|issue=3|pages=415–424}} Abstract 8. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Watt, Michael S. |author2=Stone, Jeffery K. |author3=Hood, Ian A. |author4=Palmer, David J. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2010|title=Predicting the severity of Swiss needle cast on Douglas fir under current and future climate in New Zealand|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=260|issue=12|pages=2232–2240|url=http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/watt%20et%20al%20snc%20new%20zealand.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112203504/http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/watt%20et%20al%20snc%20new%20zealand.pdf|archivedate=12 January 2014|deadurl=no|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.034}} 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|author1=Kimberley, M. O. |author2=Hood, I. A. |author3=Knowles, R. L. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2011|title=Impact of Swiss needle-cast on growth of Douglas-fir|journal=Phytopathology|volume=101.|issue=5|pages=583–593|url=http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Kimberleyetal2011.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112205609/http://sncc.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Kimberleyetal2011.pdf|archivedate=12 January 2014|deadurl=no}} External links
5 : Venturiaceae|Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases|Fungi described in 1936|Fungi of Europe|Fungi of North America |
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