| 词条 | Auxiliaries |
| 释义 |
An auxiliary force is an organized group supplementing but not directly incorporated in a regular military or police entity. It may comprise either civilian volunteers undertaking support functions or additional personnel directly performing military or police duties, usually on a part-time basis. Historically the designation "auxiliary" has also been given to foreign or allied troops in the service of a nation at war.[1] In the context of colonial armies locally recruited irregulars were often described as auxiliaries. Historical usageRoman auxiliariesAuxiliaries in the Roman army were recruited from provincial tribal groups who did not have Roman citizenship. As the Roman army of the Republican and early Empire periods was essentially based on the heavy infantry who made up the legions, it favored the recruitment of auxiliaries that excelled in supplementary roles. These included specialists such as missile troops (e.g. Balearic slingers and Cretan archers), cavalry (recruited among peoples such as the Numidians, and the Thracians), or light infantry. Auxiliaries were not paid at the same rate as legionaries, but could earn Roman citizenship after a fixed term of service.[2]By the 2nd Century AD the auxiliaries had been organised into permanent units, broadly grouped as Ala (cavalry), Cohors (infantry) and Cohors equitata (infantry with a cavalry element). Both cavalry alae and infantry cohors numbered between 480 and 600 men each. The mixed cohors equitata usually consisted of 6 centuries of foot soldiers and six squadrons of horsemen.[3] Specialist units of slingers, scouts, archers and camel mounted detachments continued in existence as separate units with a regional recruitment basis. United Kingdom and British EmpireThe Auxiliary Legion was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War. During the Second Boer War Boer auxiliaries were employed by the British Army under the designation of "National Scouts". Recruited in significant numbers towards the end of the war from Afrikaner prisoners and defectors, they were known as hensoppers ("hands-uppers" i.e. collaborators) by their fellow Boers.[4] Prior to the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the term "Auxiliary Forces" was used by the British Army to collectively cover Yeomanry, Militia and Volunteers. That is to say the various part-time units maintained to act in support of the regular army.[5] The Auxiliary Division was a British paramilitary police unit raised during the Irish War of Independence 1919–21. Recruited from former officers of the British Army who had served during World War I, the Auxiliary Division was a motorized mobile force nominally forming part of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Cumann na mBan was the preceding organisation of the Women's Arm of the Irish Volunteers that acted as an auxiliary in the Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence. In 1941 the British Government created an organization of Auxiliary Units in southern England who would wage a guerilla war against occupying forces should Britain be invaded by the Nazis. Their average life span was two weeks, and they were ultimately never used in combat. The Auxiliary Units were meant to carry out assaults on German units, along with damaging train lines and aircraft if necessary. Whilst working as full time, active duty personnel, the women's services of WWII were titled as or seen as auxiliaries to the male services. These services were:
The Royal Auxiliary Air Force was originally an auxiliary of the Royal Air Force, when it was first conceived and formed in 1924. Today the RAuxAF acts as a military reserve; this is reflected in its more common name 'RAF Reserve'. Other former British military or governmental auxiliary organizations included:
Auxiliary organizations of other countries of the British Empire:
Denmark
French AfricaFrance made extensive use of tribal allies (goumiers) as auxiliaries in its North African possessions.[6] During the Algerian War of 1954-62 large numbers of Muslim auxiliaries (Harkis) were employed in support of regular French forces.[7] JapanDuring the Russo-Japanese War, Japan made use of honghuzi to act as auxiliaries against Russian forces.[8] Nazi GermanyGerman paramilitary police forces, called Hilfspolizei or Schutzmannschaft, were raised during World War II and were the collaborationist auxiliary police battalions of locally recruited police, which were created to fight the resistance during World War II mostly in occupied Eastern European countries. Hilfspolizei refers also to German auxiliary police units. There was also a HIPO Corps in occupied Denmark. The term had also been applied to some units created in 1933 by the early Nazi government (mostly from members of SA and SS) and disbanded the same year due to international protests.[9][10][11] From 12 February 1945, the Nazis conscripted German women and girls into the auxiliaries of the Volkssturm.[12] Correspondingly, girls as young as 14 years were trained in the use of small arms, panzerfausts, machine guns, and hand grenades from December 1944 through May 1945.[13] Finland
Poland
United States
Current military or governmental auxiliariesAustralia
Canada
Hong Kong
Ireland
Israel
Malaysia
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Sweden
United Kingdom
United StatesFederal Government
State GovernmentState Defense Forces may be considered as auxiliary military organisations.[19]
Local Government
References1. ^Concise Oxford Dictionary, {{ISBN|0-19-861131-5}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}2. ^{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Simkins|page=7|title=The Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan|ISBN=0-85045-191-4}} 3. ^{{cite book|first=Raffaele D'Amato|last=Wary|page=13|title=Roman Army Units in the Eastern Provinces (1) |ISBN=978-1-4728-2176-8}} 4. ^{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Pakenham|pages=542 & 571|title=The Boer War|ISBN=0-7474-0976-5}} 5. ^Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, Volume 3, page 50 6. ^{{cite book|first=Jean-Louis|last=Larcade|page=280|title=Zouaves & Tirailleurs: Vol 1|ISBN=2-9515171-0-6}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Windrow|page=20|title=The Algerian War 1854-62|ISBN=1-85532-658-2}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Ivanov & Jowett |title=The Russo-Japanese War 1904–05 |date=2004 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd. |pages=12, 13, 46}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=T0684~view=extract |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026201045/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=T0684~view=extract |archivedate=26 October 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Wires|title=Terminology the Third Reich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA0fAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Ball State University}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Christopher Ailsby|title=SS: Hell on the Eastern Front: The Waffen-SS War in Russia, 1941-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAMd81LJJs4C&pg=PA9|year=1998|publisher=MBI Pub., Company|isbn=978-0-7603-0538-6|pages=9–}} 12. ^Hildebrand (1984). The Third Reich, p. 82. 13. ^Kater (2004). Hitler Youth, p. 238. 14. ^ Australian Red Cross Submission to the Australian Defence White Paper 2015 15. ^About the Civil Air Patrol 16. ^About the Military Auxiliary Radio System 17. ^[https://www.cgaux.org/ About the Coast Guard Auxiliary] 18. ^[https://www.navy.com/careers/merchant-marine#ft-key-responsibilities About the Merchant Marines] 19. ^Volunteer Military Organizations: An Overlooked Asset 20. ^About the Connecticut Auxiliary State Police 21. ^About the Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary 22. ^About the Illinois Police Reserves 23. ^About the Indiana Law Enforcement Academy 24. ^About the Ohio State Highway Patrol Auxiliary 25. ^About the New Hampshire State Police Auxiliary 26. ^About the New Mexico Mounted Patrol 27. ^About Penn State University Auxiliary Student Police 28. ^About the Vermont State Police Auxiliary 29. ^[https://police.arlingtonva.us/jobs/volunteer-positions/auxiliary-police/ About the Arlington County Police Department Auxiliary] 30. ^About the Cheltenham Township Auxiliary Police 31. ^About Fair Lawn Auxiliary Police 32. ^About the Greenburgh Auxiliary Police 33. ^About Hazlet Township Auxiliary Police 34. ^About the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Reserves 35. ^About Madison Police Auxiliary Unit 36. ^About Metuchen Police Auxiliary 37. ^About the Nassau County Police Auxiliary 38. ^About the New York City Police Department Auxiliary 39. ^About Old Bridge Township Auxiliary Police 40. ^About the Rockland County Sheriff's Office Reserve Force 41. ^[https://www.sayrevillepoliceaux.org/ About Sayreville Police Auxiliary] 42. ^About Waltham Auxiliary Police 2 : Military units and formations|Auxiliary military units |
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