| 词条 | Structure of the British Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The structure of the British Army is broadly similar to that of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, in that the four-star (general-equivalent) field commands have been eliminated. Army Headquarters is located in Andover, Hampshire. As the top-level budget holder, this organisation is responsible for providing forces at operational readiness for employment by the Permanent Joint Headquarters. There is a Commander Field Army and a personnel and UK operations command, Home Command. The command structure is hierarchical with divisions and brigades controlling groupings of units from an administrative perspective. Major Units are regiment or battalion-sized with minor units being either company sized sub-units or platoons. All units within the service are either Regular (full-time) or Army Reserve (full-time or part-time), or a combination with sub-units of each type. Naming conventions of units differ for traditional British historical reasons, creating a significant opportunity for confusion; an infantry battalion is equivalent to a cavalry regiment. An infantry regiment is an administrative and ceremonial organisation only, and may include several battalions. For operational tasks, a battle group will be formed around a combat unit, supported by units or sub-units from other areas. An example would be a squadron of tanks attached to an armoured infantry battle group, together with a reconnaissance troop, artillery battery and engineering support. Since the 1957 Defence Review, the structure of the Army has consistently shrunk. A comparison of the List of British Army Regiments (1962), the List of British Army Regiments (1994) and the List of British Army Regiments (2008) will show the steep decline in the number of infantry and armoured regiments. Since 1990, reductions have been almost constant, through succeeding defence reviews: Options for Change (1990), Front Line First (1994), the Strategic Defence Review of 1998, Delivering Security in a Changing World (2003), and the Strategic Defence and Security Review of 2010. However, the 2015 Review indicated no change from the personnel number targets set in 2010. Army HeadquartersThrough a major army reorganisation effective 1 November 2011, the Chief of the General Staff took direct command of the Army through a new structure, based at Andover[1] and known as "Army Headquarters".[2][3] Reporting to the Chief of the General Staff are four lieutenant-generals: the Deputy Chief of the General Staff; the Commander Field Army (CFA); the Commander Home Command (CHC), and Commander Allied Rapid Reaction Corps. The CFA is responsible for generating and preparing forces for current and contingency operations; he commands 1st (United Kingdom) Division, 3rd (United Kingdom) Division, and Force Troops Command (FTC).[4] CHC is responsible for commanding a wide variety or organisations that both contribute to the administrative running of the Army (i.e. the Army Personnel Centre (APC) in Glasgow), and focuses on the 'home base' (i.e. Regional Command). FormationsCommandsA command is a military formation that handles a specific task or region, and can direct forces as large as multiple corps or as little as a few battalions. Previously the Army had regional commands in the UK, including Aldershot Command, Eastern Command, Northern Command, Scottish Command, Southern Command and Western Command. In addition, there were functional commands, such as Anti-Aircraft Command (disbanded in the 1950s), and overseas commands, such as Middle East Command. Gradually, these were consolidated into a land command in the UK, Headquarters UK Land Forces, and a land command in Germany, British Army of the Rhine. Eventually, both were merged into Land Command and later, Field Army. From 1995, UK commands and later districts were replaced by regenerative divisions. 2nd Division, 4th Division, 5th Division and London District acted as regional commands within the UK reporting to Commander Regional Forces. Scotland District was absorbed by 2nd Division in 2000. The divisions were responsible for training subordinate formations and units under their command for operations in the UK, such as Military Aid to the Civil Community, as well as training units for overseas deployments. 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions were replaced by Support Command on 1 November 2011.[5] London District includes many units with significant ceremonial roles. The Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle is primarily mounted by the two Foot Guards Battalions and one Line Infantry Battalion, together with the Foot Guards Incremental companies: Nijmegen Company, Grenadier Guards, No 7 Company, Coldstream Guards, and F Company, Scots Guards. The guard at Horse Guards is normally drawn from the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (HCMR). The Honourable Artillery Company carries out public duties in the City of London. The HAC and the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery provide gun salutes in London. Under the General Officer Commanding Scotland, public duties in Edinburgh are the responsibility of a new incremental company, Balaklava Company, 5th Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Scotland (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders), formed after the reduction of the Argylls from battalion status. Corps{{British Army lists}}A corps, in the sense of a field fighting formation, is a formation of two or more divisions, potentially 50,000 personnel or more. While the British Army has no standing corps headquarters, forces are allocated through a number of multinational arrangements to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and European commitments, providing much of the headquarters capability and framework for the multinational Allied Rapid Reaction Corps. The last purely British corps, I (BR) Corps, disbanded in Germany after the end of the Cold War. The word corps is also used for administrative groupings by common function, such as the Royal Armoured Corps and Army Air Corps. Various Combat Support Arms and Services are referred to in the wider sense as a Corps, such as the Royal Corps of Signals. DivisionsA division is a formation of three or four brigades, around twenty thousand personnel, commanded by a Major General. The British Army has two deployable divisions, capable of deploying the headquarters and subordinate formations immediately to operations.
London District is responsible for the maintenance of capability for the defence of the capital and the provision of ceremonial units and garrisons for the Crown Estate in London, such as the Tower of London. Several infantry regiments are organised into four administrative divisions based on the type of infantry unit or traditional recruiting areas:
BrigadesA brigade contains three or four battalion-sized units, around 5,000 personnel, and is commanded by a one star officer, a Brigadier. The brigade will contain a wide range of military disciplines allowing the conduct of a spectrum of military tasks. The brigade would be required to deploy up to three separate battlegroups, the primary tactical formation employed in British doctrine. The battlegroup is a mixed formation built around the core of one unit, an armoured regiment or infantry battalion, with sub-units providing artillery, engineers, logistics, aviation, etc., as required. Combat formations include:[6]
There are also several non-combat focused service support units of brigade size.[6]
In addition to the brigades there are a number of "other formations".[6]
Order of precedence{{See also| British Army Order of Precedence}}The British Army parades according to the order of precedence, from right to left, with the unit at the extreme right being highest on the order. The Household Cavalry has the highest precedence, unless the Royal Horse Artillery parades with its guns. Army 2020{{Main article|Future of the British Army (Army 2020)|Operational Structure of the British Army}}In 2010, the incoming government conducted a defence review. Those elements affecting the army were released as part of the Future British Army Structure (Next Steps) publication,[7] which was superseded by the "Army 2020" concept announced in 2012. Under Army 2020 the army will be divided into:
All units from Germany will gradually move back to the UK. The basing plan was released on 5 March 2013. This positions 3rd (UK) Division as the head of the Reaction Force. 1st (UK) Division is the division in charge of the Adaptable Force being based in York. This basing plan locates all three Reaction Force Brigades, along with the three Armoured Regiments and the six Armoured Infantry Battalions, in the Salisbury Plain training area.[13][14] Refinements to the plans following the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review became known as "Army 2020 Refine". [15] Arms and servicesCombat ArmsThe Combat Arms are the "teeth" of the British Army, infantry, armoured and aviation units which engage in close action. Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps{{main article|Household Cavalry|Royal Armoured Corps}}Regiments of line cavalry and the Royal Tank Regiment together form the Royal Armoured Corps which has units equipped with either main battle tanks, light armour for reconnaissance, or lightly armoured vehicles for the light cavalry role. An additional reconnaissance regiment is provided by the Household Cavalry Regiment, of the Household Cavalry, which administratively is not considered to be part of the RAC, but is included among the RAC order of battle for operational tasking.
Infantry{{main article| Infantry of the British Army}}The Infantry is divided for administrative purposes into four 'divisions', with battalions being trained and equipped to operate in one of six main roles:
Under the arms-plot system, a battalion would spend between two and six years in one role, before re-training for another. Following a review of the operation of the army, it has been demonstrated that this system is inefficient and it is being phased out, with battalions specialising in role—this will see armoured infantry, mechanised infantry and air assault battalions remaining in a single posting; however, light infantry battalions will continue to be periodically rotated between postings. Personnel will be "trickle posted" between battalions of the same regiment as required, and to further their careers.
Three further infantry units in the regular army are not grouped within the various infantry divisions:
The role of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment is limited to the defence of Gibraltar. The three senior regiments of foot guards, plus the Royal Regiment of Scotland, each maintain an additional reinforced company that retains custody of the colours of battalions that are in suspended animation:
Brigade of Gurkhas{{main article| Brigade of Gurkhas}}The Royal Gurkha Rifles is the largest element of the Brigade of Gurkhas, which includes its own support arms. These units are affiliated to the equivalent British units, but have their own unique cap badges.
Special Forces{{main article| United Kingdom Special Forces}}
Note: UKSF is considered a joint organisation and as such falls outside the Army chain of command. Combat Support ArmsThe Combat Support Arms provide direct support to the Combat Arms and include artillery, engineer, signals and aviation. Royal Regiment of ArtilleryThe Royal Artillery consists of 13 Regular Regiments and 5 Reserve Regiments along with the ceremonial King's Troop. Although not part of the Royal Regiment of Artillery the Honourable Artillery Company shares some of the same capabilities. Four of the Regular Regiments retain the cap badge, or "cypher", and traditions of the Royal Horse Artillery, although this naming convention has no link to the role that they undertake. The Royal Artillery undertakes six different roles:[16]
Corps of Royal EngineersThe Royal Engineers is a corps of 15 regiments in the regular army providing military engineering (civil engineering, assault engineering and demolition) capabilities to the field army and facilities management expertise within garrisons. Regiments are associated with Brigade level formations with a number of independent squadrons and support groups associated with specific tasks: The Royal School of Military Engineering (RSME) comprises two recruit training regiments:
The remainder are field regiments attached to various deployable formations:
Royal Corps of SignalsThe Royal Signals is a corps of 10 Regiments and 13 independent squadrons which provides communications and information systems support to formations of Brigade level and above. Below the Brigade level support is provided by Battalion Signallers drawn from the parent unit. Within the deployable brigades, the Signal Regiment also provides support to the HQ function including logistics, life support and force protection capabilities.
Army Air CorpsThe Army Air Corps provides battlefield air support with six regiments and four independent squadrons and flights:
Intelligence CorpsThe Intelligence Corps provides intelligence support including collection, interpretation and counter-intelligence capabilities with three battalions and a joint service group:
Combat Service Support ArmsThe Combat Service Support Arms provide sustainment and support for the Combat and Combat Support Arms. Whilst CSS personnel are not intended to close with and engage opposition forces, the fluidity of the modern battlefield means that these personnel are likely to be engaged in close combat at times, particularly when associated with Battle Groups. Royal Logistic CorpsThe Royal Logistic Corps is the largest single corps in the British Army:
Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical EngineersThe Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers is a corps that provides maintenance support to equipment and vehicles. Most units will have either a Light Aid Detachment (LAD) or Workshop (Wksp) attached. Seven battalions provide support to formations of brigade level and above:
Medical servicesThe Army Medical Services provide primary and secondary care for the armed forces in fixed locations and whilst deployed on operations. Personnel are attached to a parent unit, one of five field regiments or the defence medical services. The AMS comprises four different Corps providing the range of medical and veterinary care, with the Royal Army Medical Corps also providing the administrative framework for the regiments.
Adjutant General's CorpsThe Adjutant General's Corps provides administrative, police and disciplinary and educational support to the army. The AGC is an amalgamation with three of the constituent units retaining their previous cap badge. Personnel from the AGC administrative and educational specialisations serve in attached posts to establishments or units of other arms. The police and disciplinary activities retain their own cap badges and act as discrete bodies. The Corps as a whole is divided into four separate branches:
Other services
Training{{main article|Selection and Training in the British Army}}Training in the Regular Army differs for soldiers and officers but in general takes place in at least two phases: Phase one training is basic military training for all new recruits. Here candidates learn the basic standards of military performance including operation in the field, weapon handling, personal administration, drill etc.
Phase two training is specific to the trade that the soldier or officer will follow and is conducted in a branch specialised school. Phase two training enables the individual to join an operational unit prepared to contribute to operational effectiveness. These schools are under the direction of the parent corps or arm of the service, as illustrated above, with the Infantry Training Centre being formed of two training battalions. Units of the Army Reserve{{main article|Army Reserve (United Kingdom)}}Combat ArmsArmourThe four armoured regiments of the Army Reserve operate in two roles - provision of crew replacements for armoured regiments, and Light Cavalry (reconnaissance):
Infantry
Special Air Service
Combat SupportHonourable Artillery Company
Royal Artillery
Royal Engineers
Note: Although the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers is part of the Royal Engineers order of battle, it is a separate regiment with its own cap badge, regimental colours and traditions. Royal Signals
Army Air Corps
Intelligence Corps
Combat Service SupportRoyal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Royal Logistic Corps
Army Medical Services
Notes1. ^Correspondence from Army Secretariat 2. ^Army Command reorganization {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112055548/http://www.dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2506%3Auk-army-command-reorganization&catid=1%3Aeurope&Itemid=57 |date=2011-11-12 }} Defence Marketing Intelligence, 10 November 2011 3. ^Higher Command {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605053921/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/142.aspx |date=2013-06-05 }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/media/2400/armystructure_landscape_v4-01.png|title=Army Structure|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=24 May 2018}} 5. ^Charles Heyman, 'The British Army: A Pocket Guide 2012-2013', p.31 6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/|title=Formations, Divisions & Brigades|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-20}} 7. ^Briefing Paper SN06038 Defence Basing Review: Headline Decisions House of Commons Library 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9911295/Famed-Desert-Rats-to-lose-their-tanks-under-Army-cuts.html|title=Famed Desert Rats to lose their tanks under Army cuts|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-03-05|accessdate=2013-03-09}} 9. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136406/regular_army_basing_plan.pdf Army Basing Plan: The basing plan table labels them as "Armoured Infantry Brigades"] 10. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136406/regular_army_basing_plan.pdf Army Basing Plan: The basing plan table labels them in order] 11. ^Transforming the British Army Annex A {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6F0rN9tFJ?url=http://www.rfca-yorkshire.org.uk/files/TransformingtheBritishArmyAnnexA.pdf |date=2013-03-10 }} 12. ^Transforming the British Army Annex C{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136406/regular_army_basing_plan.pdf|title=Regular army basing plan|format=PDF|date=5 March 2013|accessdate=2013-03-09}} 14. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136421/major_army_sites_basing.pdf Major Army sites - basing] 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/20151201_Army_Info_Sub_Strategy-EXTERNAL_V1.pdf|title=Army Information Sub-Strategy (2015 – 2018)|date=November 2015|publisher=British Army|accessdate=27 December 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407231903/http://army.mod.uk/documents/general/20151201_Army_Info_Sub_Strategy-EXTERNAL_V1.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2016|df=}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/artillery/23532.aspx|title=The British Army - Regiments|last=cgsmediacomma-amc-dig-shared@mod.uk|first=The British Army,|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-03}} External links and sources
2 : Military units and formations of the British Army|Structure of contemporary armies |
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