“Pickering series”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Pickering series (also known as the Pickering–Fowler series) consists of three lines of singly ionized helium found, usually in absorption, in the spectra of hot stars like Wolf-Rayet stars. The name comes from Edward Charles Pickering^[1] and Alfred Fowler^[1]. The lines are produced by transitions from a higher energy level of an electron to a level with principal quantum number n = 4. The lines have wavelengths:

The transitions from the n = 6 and n = 8 states overlap with hydrogen lines and are not seen in stellar spectra.

In 1896, Pickering published observations of previously unknown lines in the spectra of the star ζ-Puppis.^[2] Pickering attributed the observation to a new form of hydrogen with half-integer transition levels.^[3]^[4] Fowler managed to produce similar lines from a hydrogen-helium mixture in 1912, and supported Pickering's conclusion as to their origin.^[5] Niels Bohr, however, included an analysis of the series in his 'trilogy'^[6]^[7] on atomic structure^[8] and concluded that Pickering and Fowler were wrong and that the spectral lines arise instead from ionised helium, He⁺.^[9] Fowler was initially skeptical^[10] but was ultimately convinced^[11] that Bohr was correct,^[6] and by 1915 "spectroscopists had transferred [the Pickering series] definitively [from hydrogen] to helium."^[1]^[12] Bohr's theoretical work on the Pickering series had demonstrated the need for "a re-examination of problems that seemed already to have been solved within classical theories" and provided important confirmation for his atomic theory.^[13]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title = The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes|first = Imre|last = Lakatos|authorlink = Imre Lakatos|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1980|isbn = 9780521280310|editor1-first = John|editor1-last = Worrall|editor2-first = Gregory|editor2-last = Currie|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RRniFBI8Gi4C&pg=PA62|chapter = Bohr: A Research Programme Progressing on Inconsistent Foundations|pages = 55–68}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last = Pickering|first = E. C.|authorlink = Edward Charles Pickering|journal = Harvard College Observatory Circular|volume = 12|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus.|pages = 1–2|year = 1896|bibcode = 1896HarCi..12....1P}} Also published as: {{cite journal|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus.|last1 = Pickering|first1 = E. C.|authorlink = Edward Charles Pickering|last2 = Fleming|first2 = W. P.|authorlink2 = Williamina Fleming|journal = Astrophysical Journal|volume = 4|pages = 369–370|year = 1896|doi = 10.1086/140291|bibcode = 1896ApJ.....4..369P}}
3. ^{{cite journal|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable Stars in Crux and Cygnus.|first = E. C.|last = Pickering|authorlink = Edward Charles Pickering|year = 1897|journal = Astronomische Nachrichten|volume = 142|issue = 6|pages = 87–90|doi = 10.1002/asna.18971420605|bibcode = 1896AN....142...87P}}
4. ^{{cite journal|title = The spectrum of zeta Puppis|last = Pickering|first = E. C.|authorlink = Edward Charles Pickering|year = 1897|journal = Astrophysical Journal|volume = 5|pages = 92–94|url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1897ApJ.....5...92P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf|doi = 10.1086/140312|bibcode = 1897ApJ.....5...92P}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title = Observations of the Principal and other Series of Lines in the Spectrum of Hydrogen.|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 73|issue = 2|year = 1912|pages = 62–63|doi = 10.1093/mnras/73.2.62|bibcode = 1912MNRAS..73...62F}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|first = Ulrich|last = Hoyer|chapter = Constitution of Atoms and Molecules|pages = 103–316 (esp. pp. 116–122)|title = Niels Bohr – Collected Works: Volume 2 – Work on Atomic Physics (1912-1917)|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGczmJjSO6kC&pg=PA117|editor-first = Ulrich|editor-last = Hoyer|publisher = North Holland Publishing Company|location = Amsterdam|year = 1981|isbn = 978-0720418002}}
7. ^{{cite book|last = Kennedy|first = P. J.|year = 1985|chapter = A Short Biography|editor1-last = French|editor1-first = A. P.|editor2-last = Kennedy|editor2-first = P. J.|title = Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume|pages = 3–15|publisher = Harvard University Press|isbn = 978-0-674-62415-3}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part I|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 151|pages = 1–25|doi = 10.1080/14786441308634955|url = http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf}}
{{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part II: Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 153|pages = 476–502|url = http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13b/eng.pdf|doi = 10.1080/14786441308634993}}
{{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part III: Systems containing several nuclei|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 155|pages = 857–875|doi = 10.1080/14786441308635031}}
9. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = N.|last = Bohr|authorlink = Niels Bohr|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2295|year = 1913|pages = 231–232|doi = 10.1038/092231d0|bibcode = 1913Natur..92..231B}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2291|year = 1913|pages = 95–96|doi = 10.1038/092095b0|bibcode = 1913Natur..92...95F}}
11. ^{{cite journal|title = Reply to: The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2295|year = 1913|pages = 232–233|bibcode = 1913Natur..92..232F|doi = 10.1038/092232a0}}
12. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Hydrogen and Helium|first = N.|last = Bohr|authorlink = Niels Bohr|journal = Nature|volume = 95|issue = 6–7|pages = 6–7|year = 1915|doi = 10.1038/095006a0|bibcode = 1915Natur..95....6B}}
13. ^¹²{{cite journal|title = The Spectrum of ζ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data|first = Nadia|last = Robotti|journal = Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences|volume = 14|issue = 1|year = 1983|pages = 123–145|doi = 10.2307/27757527|jstor = 27757527}}

References

See also

External links