| 词条 | Pinge |
| 释义 |
A Pinge (pronounced "pinger", plural: Pingen) or Binge ("binger") is the name given in German-speaking Europe to a wedge-, ditch- or funnel-shaped depression in the terrain caused by mining activity.[1] This depression or sink-hole is frequently caused by the collapse of old underground mine workings that are close to the Earth's surface.[2] Unlike natural landforms, a Pinge is a direct result of human activity.[3] The term has no direct equivalent in English, but may be translated as "mining sink-hole", "mine slump" or, in some cases, as "glory hole". Origin of the wordIn the original sense of the word, the mining terms Pinge or Binge go back to the activity known as pingen which meant something like "prospecting". An aufgepingter lode was one near the surface of the ground. The Pinge was therefore like a primitive, open pit mine.[4] Subsequently, the term was transferred to the funnel-shaped depressions that formed at the surface above filled or collapsed mineshafts. In lode mining, shafts and pits followed the strike of the lode and left behind the typical lines of Pingen (Pingenzüge) associated with medieval mining that may still be seen, for example, in the Thuringian Forest, the Upper Harz Mountains, the Ore Mountains and the Eschweiler area in central Europe. Later on, the term Pinge was applied to many kinds of depression left in the terrain as a result of mining activity, including the holes left by opencast pits in surface mining or the cave-ins above underground mines. The latter occurred either as a result of the unexpected consequences of active mining (often associated with accidents or disasters) or the subsidence above abandoned mines. They were sometimes willingly and knowingly accepted, for example, when mining was carried out by a method known as block caving. A Pingenzug is a row of several Pingen in succession.[5] TypesA Pinge can arise in different ways. In some cases it is caused by surface excavation. In other cases it follows the extraction of mineral deposits at a shallow depth and the associated collapse of the overburden that can result in subsidence at the surface. Pingen caused by surface mining generally date to the 16th and 17th centuries and are mostly only 0.5 - 1 metre deep. Deeper Pingen, caused by collapse of the overburden, date to the 18th and 19th centuries. The Pinge is usually surrounded by a ring-shaped mound (German: Halde) as a result of the subsidence of the surface of the terrain.[6] A number of Pingen form trenches up to 250 metres long and 15 metres wide.[7] ExcavationInitially, the extraction of ore or coal took place near the surface at outcrops of the main deposits. Excavations of seam-like deposits were carried out by digging out bowl-shaped depressions, the so-called Pütts, that miners hewed out along the course of the seam with picks and shovels. Once digging reached the water table, groundwater ran into the hole. If the quantity of water was so great that it entered the pit faster than it could be drained, the holes filled up with groundwater. To make matters worse, the ingress of water and the consequent softening of the soil reduced the stability of the side walls. For this reason, the pit was simply abandoned in such cases and a new one dug some distance away. Over the years, these hollows became Pingen. In the southern Ruhr, there are numerous such Pingen caused by surface mining.[8] Subsequent erosion and collapse has produced funnel-shaped hollows, the Pingen.[7] Where Pingen have resulted from surface mining, small ring-shaped tips were often made by dumping the waste rock. Another origin of Pingen occurred in a method of lignite mining called Kuhlenbau or "pit mining".[9] Here, the brown coal was extracted by means of small, square, open pit known as a Kuhle. As one pit was exhausted, it was filled with spoil from the next. In this way, a row of several hollows or Pingen was created. CollapsePingen were also caused by the mining of a lode near the surface that was not properly supported. When a deposit is exploited through underground mining, there are pressures and strains along the hanging walls. Over time, the hanging wall slips along the tear line into the mine cavity. Pingen are mining sink-holes covering a small area. But just like the continual, large-scale subsidence caused by large-scale mining at great depths, the overburden of mines near the surface collapses at regular intervals along a tear line. This subsidence of the strata is usually accompanied by an audible mining shockwave (Bergschlag). The actual shape of the Pinge is primarily determined by the different rock formations. In addition, the shape and appearance of Pingen is influenced by their age. A Pinge which is only shallow and only gently shaped over its entire surface is usually older than a Pinge with sharp contours.[10]How quickly an underground cavity near the surface collapses is dependent on various factors. Key criteria are the depth and the stability of the overburden.[11] The depth of the Pinge is essentially determined by the size of the cavity created.[12] If larger voids are created at less depth as in the mining technique known as Tummelbau ("underground pit mining"),[9] the Pinge can be several metres deep.[13] This sort of mining damage is particularly problematic if it occurs in a populated area.[12] SchachtpingeA Schachtpinge ("shaft pinge") is a particular type of Pinge caused by the collapsing of old surface mineshafts. Especially in the early days of mining, very many smaller mineshafts were sunk.[14] The shafts were predominantly lined with mine timber. Only in rare cases was natural stone, brick or concrete used for this purpose.[15] If these wells were then abandoned, the wooden lining rotted over the years, fell away and then the pit collapsed, leading to the formation of a Schachtpinge.[14] The diameter and depth of a Schachtpinge depends on the size of the shafts, and whether the shaft had been filled in and the quality of the infill.[16] Another cause for the emergence of a Schachtpinge was so-called Duckelbau mining. In this type of mining, the overburden in the area of the shaft usually collapsed very quickly, because ore was dug out just a few metres below the surface and, in most cases, not in solid rock.[17] StollenpingeA Stollenpinge is caused by the collapse of parts of a mining gallery (Stollen) that is usually located at levels close to the surface or in weathered rock. They are generally easily recognizable from their typical asymmetrical shape and their shape of the depression which, unlike Pingen caused by excavations, is normally greater on the uphill side as well as their rather large mounds.[18] Examples of well-known PingenThe following Pingen were formed by the collapse of overburden.
See also
References1. ^Joachim Huske: Die Steinkohlenzechen im Ruhrrevier. 3rd edition, German Mining Museum, Bochum, 2006, {{ISBN|3-937203-24-9}} 2. ^Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum, In: Das kleine Bergbaulexikon. 7th edn., Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, {{ISBN|3-7739-0501-7}} 3. ^Oliver Glasmacher: Pinge, Tagesbruch, Bergschaden? BGVR e.V. (accessed on 6 January 2012) 4. ^Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: Die alten Zechen an der Ruhr. 4th edn., Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche, Nachfolger Hans Köster KG, Königstein i. Taunus, 1994, {{ISBN|3-7845-6992-7}}. 5. ^Giershagener Bergbauspuren: Pingenzug. (accessed on 6 January 2012) 6. ^Mineralienatlas.de: Pinge 7. ^1 Reinhard Köhne: Historischer Erzbergbau im Sauerland: Gruben und Gräben auf dem Dach Westfalens (accessed on 6 January 2012; pdf; 9.0 MB) 8. ^Joachim Huske: Der Steinkohlenbergbau im Ruhrrevier von seinen Anfängen bis zum Jahr 2000. 2nd ed., Regio-Verlag Peter Voß, Werne, 2001, {{ISBN|3-929158-12-4}} 9. ^1 Surface Mining, Braunkohle & Other Minerals, Trans Tech Publications, 2002, p. 133. 10. ^Plettenberg-Lexikon: Heinrich Streich: Vom frühen Erz-Bergbau im Märkischen Sauerland 11. ^J. Meier: Statistische Analyse von Tagesbrüchen über Abbaufeldern des Braunkohlen Tiefbaus und ein Versuch ihrer numerischen Simulation mit dem Programm FLAC (accessed on 6 January 2012; pdf; 288 kB) 12. ^1 J. Meier, G. Meier: Erdfälle und Tagesbrüche – Möglichkeiten einer numerischen Modellierung (accessed on 6 January 2012; pdf; 1,4 MB) 13. ^Heinrich Achenbach: Die Berg-Polizei-Vorschriften des Rheinischen Haupt-Berg-Districtes. Königliche Hof- Buch- und Kunstbuchhandlung F.C. Eisen, Cologne, 1859 14. ^1 Bergstadt Schneeberg: Die Schachtpinge (accessed on 6 January 2012) 15. ^Günter Meier: Zur Bestimmung von altbergbaulich bedingten Einwirkungsbereichen (accessed on 6 January 2012; pdf; 549 kB) 16. ^Der frühe Bergbau an der Ruhr: Entstehung von Pingen (accessed on 6 January 2012) 17. ^Geo Museum Technische Universität Clausthal. Duckelbau (accessed on 6 January 2012) 18. ^Schematic diagram of a Stollenpinge 19. ^Sachsen.de: Der Einbruchstrichter »Altenberger Pinge« 20. ^Lexikon "88".ch: Falun 21. ^Geologie.at: Otfried Wagenbreth: Grubenrisse und geologische Karten als Hilfsmittel der Montanarchäologie, In: Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Vol. 35, Vienna, 1996 {{ISSN|1017-8880}} (pdf 300kB) 22. ^Mineralienatlas.de: Hengstererben (Hrebecna) 23. ^Mineralienatlas.de: Seiffen External links{{Commons category|Pinges}}
6 : Landforms|Mining|Sinkholes|German words and phrases|Landforms of Germany|Mining in Germany |
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