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词条 Stunt performer
释义

  1. Overview

  2. History

     Cascadeur  Stage combat  Early cinema  Cowboy professionals  Safety Last!  Swashbuckler films  Action movies  Hong Kong action cinema 

  3. Future

  4. Awards

  5. Deaths

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{redirect|Stuntman}}{{Infobox Occupation
| name= Stuntman
| image=
| caption= Pyrotechnics stunt exhibition by "Giant Auto Rodéo", Ciney, Belgium
| official_names= Stunt performer, stuntman, daredevil
| type=
| activity_sector= Entertainment
| competencies= Physical fitness, daring, acting skills
| formation=
| employment_field= Film, television, theatre
| related_occupation= Stunt double, stunt coordinator, actor, movie star, extra
| average_salary=
}}

A stunt performer, often referred to as a stuntman, stuntwoman or daredevil, is a trained professional who performs stunts, often as a career. These performers usually appear in films or on television, as opposed to a daredevil, who performs for a live audience. When they take the place of another actor, they are known as stunt doubles.

Overview

A stuntman typically performs stunts intended for use in a motion picture or dramatized television. Stunts seen in films and television include car crashes, falls from great height, drags (for example, behind a horse), and explosions.[1][2][3]

There is an inherent risk in the performance of all stunt work. There is maximum risk when the stunts are performed in front of a live audience. In filmed performances, visible safety mechanisms can be removed by editing. In live performances the audience can see more clearly if the performer is genuinely doing what they claim or appear to do. To reduce the risk of injury or death, most often stunts are choreographed or mechanically-rigged so that, while they look dangerous, safety mechanisms are built into the performance. Despite their well-choreographed appearance, stunts are still very dangerous and physically testing exercises.[1][2]

From its inception as a professional skill in the early 1900s to the 1960s, stunts were most often performed by professionals who had trained in that discipline prior to entering the movie industry.[3] Current film and television stunt performers must be trained in a variety of disciplines including martial arts and stage combat, and must be a certified trained member of a professional stunt performers organisation first, in order to obtain the necessary insurance to perform on stage or screen.[3] This allows them to better break down and plan an action sequence, physically prepare themselves, and incorporate both the safety and risk factors in their performances.[3] However, even when executed perfectly, there is still strain and performing stunts often results in unplanned injury to the body.[3]

Daredevils are distinct from stunt performers and stunt doubles; their performance is of the stunt itself, without the context of a film or television show. Daredevils often perform for an audience. Live stunt performers include escape artists, sword swallowers, glass walkers, fire eaters, trapeze artists, and many other sideshow and circus arts. They also include motorcycle display teams and the once popular Wall of Death. The Jackass films and television series are well-known and prominent recorded examples of the act in modern cinematography.

Some people, such as Buster Keaton, Harry Houdini, Jackie Chan, Akshay Kumar, Pawan Kalyan, Tony Jaa, and Jayan, act as both stunt performers and daredevils at various parts of their career.

History

Cascadeur

The earliest stunt performers were travelling entertainers and circus performers, particularly trained gymnasts and acrobats. The origin of the original name, the French language word cascadeur, may have been derived from the requirement to fall in a sequence of movements during a scene or stunt involving water (Cascade is the French language term for waterfall)[1]

Later, in the German and Dutch circus use of the word Kaskadeur, it meant performing a sequential series of daring leaps and jumps without injury to the performer. This acrobatic discipline required long training in the ring and perfect body control to present a sensational performance to the public.[11]

The word stunt was more formally adopted during the 19th-century travelling vaudeville performances of the early Wild West shows, in North America and Europe. The first and prototypical Wild West show was Buffalo Bill's, formed in 1883 and lasting until 1913. The shows, which involved simulated battles with the associated firing of both guns and arrows, were a romanticized version of the American Old West.

Stage combat

{{main|Stage combat}}

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, stage combat scenes of swordplay in touring theatrical productions throughout Europe, the Commonwealth of Nations and North America were typically created by combining several widely known, generic routines known as "standard combats". During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fencing masters in Europe began to research and experiment with historical fencing techniques, with weapons such as the two-handed sword, rapier, and smallsword, and to instruct actors in their use.[12]

Notable among these revivalist instructors were George Dubois, a fight director and martial artist from Paris who created performance fencing styles based on gladiatorial combat as well as Renaissance rapier and dagger fencing. Egerton Castle and Captain Alfred Hutton were part of a wider Victorian era group based in London, involved in reviving historical fencing systems. Circa 1899–1902, Hutton taught stage fencing classes for actors via the Bartitsu Club, where he also served on the Board of Directors and learned the basics of jujutsu and the Vigny method of stick fighting from his fellow instructors.[2]

Early cinema

By the early 1900s, the motion picture industry was starting to fire-up on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, but had no need for professional stunt performers.[1] First, motion pictures were so new that even if the producer had a budget for performers, there were more than enough applicants willing to do the scene for free. For instance, if you needed a shot of someone on a steel beam {{convert|1000|ft}} up on a New York skyscraper, then there was always some willing to do the scene for real, and often for free. Second, the Spanish–American War had just ended, and there were many physically fit and trained in the handling of firearms young men looking for some work. Thirdly, the former wild west was now not only tamed, but also starting to be fenced in, greatly reducing the need for and pay of the former cowboys.[1][16]

The first picture which used a dedicated stunt performer is highly debated, but occurred somewhere between 1903 and 1910.[1] The first possible appearance of a stunt-double was Frank Hanaway in The Great Train Robbery, shot in 1903 in Milltown, New Jersey.[2][16] The first auditable paid stunt was in the 1908 film The Count of Monte Cristo, with $5 paid by the director to the acrobat who had to jump upside down from a cliff into the sea.[3]

Professional daredevil, Rodman Law, was a trick parachutist known to thousands for climbing the side of buildings and parachuting out aeroplanes and off of tall base objects like the Statue of Liberty. Some of his stunts were filmed by newsreel cameras and media still photographers. Law was brought into movies in 1912 to perform some of his stunts as the hero.

As the industry developed in the West Coast around Hollywood, California, the first accepted professional stuntmen were clowns and comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and the Keystone Kops.[3] The reason for this was that staple diet of the early films was an almost continual roll call of pratfalls, high dives and comedy car wrecks – the basic ingredients of a circus clown's routine.[3] But much like their circus-based predecessors, these actors/stuntmen were not specifically trained to perform stunts, but instead learned through trial and error.[1][2]

Cowboy professionals

From 1910 onwards, American audiences developed a taste for action movies, which were replicated into successful serials.[4] These mostly western-themed scripts required a lot of extras, such as for a galloping cavalry, a band of Indians or a fast-riding sheriff's posse; all of whom needed to proficiently ride, shoot and look right on camera.[5]

Producers also kept pushing the directors calling for riskier stunts using a recurring cast, necessitating the use of dedicated stunt doubles for most movie stars.[1][2] The directors turned to the current rodeo stars for inspiration for their action scenes, and employed former cowboys as extras who not only brought with themselves the right look and style, but also rodeo techniques that included safe and replicable horse falls.[2]

Early recruits included Tom Mix, who after winning the 1909 National Riding and Rodeo Championship, worked for the Selig Polyscope Company in Edendale. Mix made his first appearance in The Cowboy Millionaire in October 1909, and then as himself in the short documentary film titled Ranch Life in the Great Southwest in which he displayed his skills as a cattle wrangler. Mix eventually performed in over 160 cowboy matinee movies during the 1920s, and is considered by many as the first matinee cowboy idol.[5]

The recruitment venture was aided in 1911 by the collapse of the Miller-Arlington rodeo show, that left many rodeo performers stranded in Venice, California. They including the young Rose August Wenger, who married and was later billed as Helen Gibson, recognised as the first American professional stunt woman.[6] Thomas H. Ince, who was producing for the New York Motion Picture Company, hired the entire show's cast for the winter at $2,500 a week. The performers were paid $8 a week and boarded in Venice, where the horses were stabled. They then rode the {{convert|5|mi}} each day to work in Topanga Canyon, where the films were being shot. In 1912, Helen made $15 a week for her first billed role as Ruth Roland's sister in Ranch Girls on a Rampage.[7] After marrying Edmund Richard "Hoot" Gibson in June 1913, the couple continued working rodeo's in the summer and as stunt doubles in the winter in California, most often for Kalem Studios in Glendale.[8] In April 1915 while on the Kalem payroll doubling for Helen Holmes in The Hazards of Helen adventure film series, Helen performed what is thought to be her most dangerous stunt: a leap from the roof of a station onto the top of a moving train in the A Girl’s Grit episode. The distance between station roof and train top was accurately measured, and she practiced the jump with the train standing still. In the actual shoot, with the trains accelerating velocity timed to the second, she leapt without hesitation and landed correctly, but with forward motion she rolled forward, saving herself from injury and improving the shot by catching hold of an air vent and dangling over the edge. She suffered only a few bruises.[9]

Eventually, the out of work cowboys and out of season rodeo riders, and the directors/producers, figured out a system for the supply of extras. A speakeasy called The Watering Hole was located close to a Los Angeles located corral called the Sunset Corral.[5] Every morning, the cowboys would congregate at The Watering Hole, where the directors would send over their assistants to hire for the following day. The cowboys would then dress in their normal riding clothes (unless told other wise, for which they were paid extra), and ride to the set, most of which were located to the north in the vicinity of the San Fernando Valley.[5] These "riding extras" jobs paid $10 per day plus a box lunch, and most were only hired on a per day basis.[5] These early cowboy actors eventually gained the nickname The Gower Gulch Gang, as many of the small studios cranking out westerns were located on Gower Avenue.[5]

Subsequently, a number of rodeo stars entered the movie industry on a full-time basis, with many "riding extras" eventually becoming movie stars themselves, including:[1][2] Hank Bell (300 films, between 1920 and 1952); Bill Gillis; Buck Jones; Jack Montgomery (initially worked as Tom Mix's body-double); and Jack Padjeon (first appeared in 1923, played Wild Bill Hickok in the John Ford directed The Iron Horse in 1924).[5] But the best known stuntman turned star was probably Yakima Canutt, who with his apprentices - who included John Wayne[3] - devised during the 1930s new safety devices, including: the 'L' stirrup which allowed a rider to fall off a horse without getting hung in the stirrup; and cabling equipment to cause spectacular wagon crashes, while releasing the team. A focus on replicable and safe stunts saved producers money and prevented lost down-time for directors through reduced accidents and injury to performers.[10] Stuntmen were now an integral part of a films drawing power, helping to fill cinemas with thrill seeking patrons anxious to see the new Saturday matinee.[3]

Safety Last!

Producer/actor Harold Lloyd's film Safety Last! of 1923, is often considered one of the first to deploy thought-through safety devices and pre-planning in the execution of its filming and stunts. In the script, Lloyd's "country boy" character goes to the city to be a success, and ends up climbing a tall building as a stunt. Critics at the time claimed it to be the most spectacular daredevil thrill comedy.

The entire stunt sequence was shot on location the Atlantic Hotel in Broadway, Los Angeles (demolished 1957), at actual heights. But the films directors Fred C. Newmeyer and Sam Taylor planned into two safety features:

  • Mattresses occupied hidden platforms under each performer, who also was wearing a heavily padded corset under their clothing
  • Each performer was attached via a safety harness to a secure safety wire, attached to the building

Producer Hal Roach and Lloyd had been forced into the costs of planning and construction of these safety devices, as simply without them the city commissioners had refused the production a film permit.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Lloyd, ever curious, decided after filming had completed to use a life-size cotton-filled dummy to see what the effect of an accident would have been should they have needed to use the required safety devices. On seeing the results, he didn't film another production without them.[3]

In 1983 in his personal homage to Buster Keaton and Harold Lloyd called Project A, Jackie Chan repeats some of the most famous scenes from the early film era, including Lloyd's clock scene from Safety Last! While Lloyd only hanged from the tower, Chan took it a step further and actually fell from the tower.[11][12]

Swashbuckler films

{{main|Swashbuckler film}}

Swashbuckler films were a unique genre of action movies, utilising the earlier developed art of cinematic fencing, a combination of stage combat and fencing. The most famous of these were the films of Douglas Fairbanks, which defined the genre. The stories came from romantic costume novels, particularly those of Alexandre Dumas and Rafael Sabatini, and included triumphant, thrilling music.[13] There were three great cycles of swashbuckler films: the Douglas Fairbanks period from 1920 to 1929; the Errol Flynn period from 1935 to 1941; and a period in the 1950s heralded by films, including Ivanhoe (1952) and The Master of Ballantrae (1953), and the popularity of the British television series The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–1959).[14]

Action movies

The preference to employ ready existing professionals from outside the film industry, either as performers or doubles, continued in the period both up to and beyond World War II, when again the industry was awash with young, fit men looking for work.[1][10] However, in 1958 Thunder Road starring Robert Mitchum,[15] with stunt coordinator was Cary Loftin and a stunt team including Ray Austin, Neil Castes Sr., Robert Hoy, and Dale Van Sickel, introduced the era of the car chase movie. With the later development of modern action movie, the accident rate of both stunt performers and movie stars started to quickly increase.[3] The stunt performers took resultantly action to professionalise their industry, with the creation of new stunt performer run registration, training, certification, and booking agencies.[16]

In the 1960s, modern stunt technology was developed, including air rams, air bags, and bullet squibs. Dar Robinson invented the decelerator during this period, which used dragline cables rather than airbags for stunts that called for a jump from high places.[17] The co-development of this technology and professional performance training continues to evolve to the present, brought about through the need to not only create more visual impact on screen in the modern action movie era.[16] It also provides a safe platform to a new breed of trained professional stunt performers, including Bill Hickman, Terry Richards, and motorcycle greats Bud Ekins and Evel Knievel. These new professionals were not only driven to create visual impact, but also perform seemingly impossible feats in a safe and repeatable manner.[16] Latterly came the fast action Martial arts movies as a distinct genre, originating for western consumption mainly from Hong Kong from the 1940s, choreographed and later acted in by stunt performers turned stars including Bruce Lee and Sonny Chiba from the 1960s, Kent Norman "Superkentman" Elofson, and latterly Jackie Chan.[16]

Hong Kong action cinema

{{See|Hong Kong action cinema}}

In 1982, Jackie Chan began experimenting with elaborate stunt action sequences in Dragon Lord,[18] which featured a pyramid fight scene that holds the record for the most takes required for a single scene, with 2900 takes,[19] and the final fight scene where he performs various stunts, including one where he does a back flip off a loft and falls to the lower ground.[20] In 1983, Project A saw the official formation of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team and added elaborate, dangerous stunts to the fights and typical slapstick humor (at one point, Chan falls from the top of a clock tower through a series of fabric canopies).

Police Story (1985) contained many large-scale action scenes, including an opening sequence featuring a car chase through a shanty town, Chan stopping a double-decker bus with his service revolver and a climactic fight scene in a shopping mall. This final scene earned the film the nickname "Glass Story" by the crew, due to the huge number of panes of sugar glass that were broken. During a stunt in this last scene, in which Chan slides down a pole from several stories up, the lights covering the pole had heated it considerably, resulting in Chan suffering second-degree burns, particularly to his hands, as well as a back injury and dislocation of his pelvis upon landing.[21] Chan performed similarly elaborate stunts in numerous other films, such as several Police Story sequels, Project A Part II, the Armor of God series, Dragons Forever, Drunken Master II, Rumble in the Bronx, and the Rush Hour series, among others.

Other Hong Kong action movie stars who became known for performing elaborate stunts include Chan's Peking Opera School friends Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao, as well as "girls with guns" stars such as Michelle Yeoh and Moon Lee. Other Asian cinema stars also known for performing elaborate stunts including Thai actor Tony Jaa, Indonesian actors Iko Uwais and Yayan Ruhian, and Indian actors Jayan, Akshay Kumar, Vidyut Jammwal and Tiger Shroff.

Future

{{POV|section|date=June 2017}}

While modern computer-generated imagery (CGI) technology is considered by many stunt professionals{{Who|date=March 2015}} to potentially be curtailing the industry to but a shadow of its former self, the costs of CGI on most films and for most scenes presently far outweigh the benefits. While CGI allows directors to create stunts that would be very expensive, dangerous or simply impossible to perform with real stunt people,[16] the backlash has resulted in a new genre of "real" movies marketed on the basis that the scenes are real and that no CGI has been used to create the final production.[1][10][16]

Awards

There is no Oscar category for stunt performance, but in 1967, Yakima Canutt was awarded an honorary Oscar for his stunt career.[1][10] The Academy of Television Arts and Sciences awards an Emmy for stunt coordinators.

The Taurus World Stunt Awards gives stunt people their own annual awards, but also through its foundation offers financial support to stunt men around the world who have been injured while on the job.[1][10]

Deaths

Although the stories that stuntmen died while filming Ben Hur and Where Eagles Dare are apocryphal myths, life-threatening injuries and deaths are not uncommon. Contracts often stipulate that the footage may be used if the performer is injured or dies during filming, and some filmmakers including Jackie Chan, consider it disrespectful not to do so.[22]

During the filming of How the West Was Won (1962), a number of stunt performers and actors were injured, the most notable of which was Robert Drew "Bob" Morgan. While filming a gunfight on a moving railroad flatcar loaded with logs, one of the chains that held the logs snapped, and Morgan was crushed by the falling timber. Notwithstanding, this scene appeared fully in the film, in its entirety. Morgan's wife, actress Yvonne De Carlo, put her own career on hold, in order to nurse him back to health over five years; however, the couple later divorced in 1968.[23]

A University of Illinois study from the 1980s[24] lists accidents and fatalities from films during that era, concluding that it seemed probable that the tendency of film audiences to be interested by ever bigger, badder and more dangerous film stunts had not decreased the fatality rate.[25]

List of deaths of Stunt Performers, killed while performing
Year Production Stunt performerNotes
1959The Horse SoldiersDuring the later stages of the film, where John Wayne's raiding Union Army troop are fleeing the Confederate Army, a stuntman falls from his horse during the scene where a bridge is blown up. He wasn't killed by the explosion, but the fall. A good friend of director John Ford, Ford was devastated by the death.[22]
1965The Flight of the PhoenixPaul MantzReputedly the best stunt pilot in the history of Hollywood.[22] On July 8, 1965, while flying the unusual Tallmantz Phoenix P-1 built especially for the film, Mantz struck a small hillock while skimming over a desert site in Arizona for a second take. As he attempted to recover by opening the throttle to its maximum, the over-stressed aircraft broke in two and nosed over into the ground, killing Mantz instantly. Bobby Rose, a stuntman standing behind Mantz in the cockpit and representing a character played by Hardy Kruger, was seriously injured. Thirteen years later, Mantz's business partner Frank Tallman also died in an aviation accident.
1966Le Saint prend l'affûtGil DelamareWhile filming on a portion of highway which was under construction, Delamare who was doubling for Jean Marais had a spin in a Renault Caravelle convertible, which overturned and killed him
1967Les Grandes VacancesJean FallouxKilled while filming an aerial stunt. The film is dedicated to him
1969Shark!José MarcoDuring production, while doubling for Burt Reynolds and approaching what was supposed to be a sedated shark, Marco was attacked and subsequently died of his injuries. When the production company used the death to promote the film, (even re-titling the film to Shark!)[77] director Samuel Fuller, who had been arguing with the producers on several major issues relating to the film, quit the production.[26][27]
1978SteelA. J. BakunasDied performing a stunt fall from Kincaid Towers. Although he completed the stunt perfectly, was mortally wounded when the airbag he made his landing on split. He died the following day in hospital.[28]
1980KolilakkamJayanDied filming the climactic scene in Sholavaram, near Chennai. After successfully filming the required three shots to show him boarding an airborne helicopter from a moving motorbike, Jayan insisted on yet another re-take, during which the helicopter lost its balance and crashed. Later succumbed to his injuries.[29]
1982The MovieVic Morrow
Myca Dinh Le
Renee Shin-Yi Chen		Twilight Zone accident}}

On the morning of 23 July 1982, actor Morrow and two children, Myca Dinh Le (age seven), and Renee Shin-Yi Chen (age six), were filming on location in Ventura County, California, between Santa Clarita and Piru, under director John Landis. An in-scene helicopter pursuing them was damaged by pyrotechnic explosions, causing it to crash and kill all three instantly.[30][31][32]

1985Airwolf
(TV series)		Reid RondellDied during a helicopter explosion on Jan. 18, 1985 while working on the show.[33]
1985Top GunArt SchollThe renowned aerobatic pilot was hired to do in-flight camera work. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts S-2 into the Pacific Ocean near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[34] Top Gun was dedicated to the memory of Art Scholl.[35]
1986Million Dollar MysteryDar RobinsonAfter completing the main stunt, Robinson dismissed emergency medical staff from the set. Then, while filming a routine high speed run, rode his stunt motorcycle past the braking point of a turn and straight off a cliff.[36][37]
1987Skip TracerVic MagnottaAfter driving a car into the Hudson River, Magnotta was killed after the windshield collapsed leaving him trapped inside[22]
1989Gone in 60 Seconds 2H. B. HalickiGone in 60 Seconds (1974). While filming in Dunkirk and Buffalo, New York, a safety cable holding a {{convert>160|ft}} tall water tower snapped, shearing off a telephone pole which fell and killed him instantly. The script eventually became Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)
1993The CrowBrandon LeeLee was killed by a squib load from an incorrectly loaded .44 Magnum gun, fired by actor Michael Massee's character.[38][39] The footage of his death was used as evidence in the following police investigation, then later destroyed as part of the lawsuit settlement.[40]
1993BBC 999Tip TippingWhile recreating a luck-escape accident of a fellow parachutist for the BBC series, Tipping died in an accident at Brunton, Northumberland.[41]
1994Vampire in BrooklynSonja Davis42|ft}} wall inside a studio. The over inflated airbag acted like a balloon, so that she bounced off of it via the wall onto the studio floor. Spent 13 days in hospital in a coma before succumbing to her injuries.[42]
1997Gone Fishin'Janet WilderJanet Wilder was killed when a boat that was made to jump a ramp in one of the scenes landed on top of her. Wilder's husband and father-in-law were also injured.[43][44]
1998Stairway to HeavenMarc AkerstreamWhile filming at Minaty Bay, Vancouver, British Columbia, he was hit by flying debris while observing an explosion of a rowboat. Subsequently, died of sustained head injuries.
2000The Ultimate ChallengeBrady Michaels20|ft}} from the ground while rigging a platform for a stunt he was going to perform.
2000Exit WoundsChris LamonSuffered a head injury when jumping out of an upside-down van which was being towed along a street as part of a chase scene; he lost his footing and struck his head on the pavement. Another stuntman suffered a concussion in the same incident. Lamon died in a Toronto hospital six days later.[45]
2002XXXHarry O'ConnorWhile playing Vin Diesel's double, was killed when he hit a pillar of the Palacky Bridge in Prague, parasailing during one of the action scenes. The accident occurred while filming the second take of the stunt; O'Connor's first attempt was completed without incident and can be seen in the completed film.[46]
2009Red Cliff: Part IILu Yan QingWhile filming a scene in which a burning small boat intending to ram a larger boat, the fire quickly spread out of control, killing stuntman Lu Yanqing and injuring six others.[47]
2009Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die AutobahnpolizeiPeyman AbadiHe died in 2009 in an accident during filming of the movie Invisible Eyes.
2012The Expendables 2Kun LiuWas killed, and another stuntman (Nuo Sun) was critically injured, in a staged explosion on a rubber boat.[48]
2017Deadpool 2Joi HarrisShe was killed while filming a motorcycle stunt, doubling as "Domino", when the bike she was driving crashed near the Shaw Tower.[49]
2017The Walking DeadJohn Bernecker[50]{{Better source>reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=March 2018}}

See also

  • Archie Butler (actor)
  • Human firecracker
  • Pyrotechnician
  • Second unit
  • Special effect
  • Taurus World Stunt Awards

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book|title=Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s-1970s: A Biographical Dictionary|author=Gene Scott Freese|publisher=McFarland & Co Inc|date=30 April 2014|ISBN=978-0786476435}}
2. ^1 Wolf, Tony. (2009) A Terrific Combat!!! Theatrical Duels, Brawls and Battles, 1800-1920
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.actionartist.de/en/stunt.htm|title=The history of the Stuntman|author=Ilian Simeonow|publisher=ActionArtist.de|accessdate=24 June 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Summers|first1=Olivia|title=A Look at the History of Stunt Performers|url=https://www.oliviasummers.com/blog/2016/10/5/a-look-at-the-history-of-stunt-performers|website=Female Stunt & Precision Car Driver|accessdate=15 May 2018}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|url=http://tripsintohistory.com/2012/08/18/movie-stuntmen-we-wouldnt-have-the-old-western-films-without-them/|title=Movie Stuntmen / We Wouldn’t Have the Old Western Films Without Them|publisher=tripsintohistory.com|date=August 18, 2012|accessdate=24 June 2014}}
6. ^Truitt, Evelyn Mack (1984). Who Was Who On Screen. New York: Bowker. {{ISBN|0-8352-1906-2}}.
7. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/jgodsey/2223877544 Gibson, Helen. unpublished letter December 24, 1966]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}
8. ^Gibson and Kornick, 1968.
9. ^{{cite book|author=Arthur Wise|title=Stunting In the Cinema|date=1973}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|url=http://www.lonepinefilmhistorymuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=288&Itemid=73|title=Stuntmen & Women|publisher=Lone Pine Film History Museum|accessdate=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163832/http://www.lonepinefilmhistorymuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=288&Itemid=73|archive-date=2014-07-14|dead-url=yes|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cracked.com/blog/the-6-most-needlessly-dangerous-jackie-chan-stunts/|title=The 6 Most Needlessly Dangerous Jackie Chan Stunts|author=Seanbaby|publisher=Cracked.com|date=August 11, 2012|accessdate=26 June 2014}}
12. ^{{IMDb title|0085127|'A' gai wak}}
13. ^Foster on Film.
14. ^Screen Online.
15. ^{{IMDb title|0052293|Thunder Road}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{cite web|url=http://www.stuntmen.com/about.html|title=Steeped in Heritage & History|publisher=Stuntmen's Association|accessdate=24 June 2014}}
17. ^{{citation|title=Popular Mechanics|publisher=Hearst Magazines|date=Oct 1984|issn=0032-4558|pages=86,122}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Dragon Lord|publisher=Love HK Film|url=http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews_2/dragon_lord.htm|accessdate=2011-04-14}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Dragon Lord (DVD Description)|publisher=Amazon.com|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dragon-Lord-DVD-Jackie-Chan/dp/B0000A5BRV|accessdate=2011-04-12}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Kicking and Screening: Wheels on Meals, Armour of God, Police Story, and more are graded with an eye for action|author=David Everitt|date=August 16, 1996|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293788,00.html|accessdate=2011-04-12}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/features/iamjackiechan/excerpt_aches.html|title=Jackie's Aches and Pains: It Only Hurts When I'm Not Laughing|author=Jackie Chan|publisher=Random House|accessdate=19 December 2012}}
22. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-184647,00.html|title=Has a stuntman or stuntwoman performing a death-defying stunt in a film ever failed to defy death and instead been killed?|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=24 June 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/81689098|title=Robert Drew "Bob" Morgan|publisher=Find A Grave|accessdate=26 June 2014}}
24. ^University of Illinois study {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121063446/http://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/harts1/HARTS_library/stunts.txt |date=2015-01-21 }}
25. ^{{cite web|publisher=University of Illinois|url=http://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/harts1/HARTS_library/stunts.txt|title=Stunt Injuries and Fatalities Increasing|author=Michael McCann, C.I.H.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121063446/http://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/harts1/HARTS_library/stunts.txt|archivedate=2015-01-21|df=}}
26. ^1 {{cite book|last=Dombrowski|first=Lisa|title=The films of Samuel Fuller: if you die, I'll kill you!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVd4b-w-bE0C|accessdate=12 April 2011|date=31 March 2008|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6866-3|page=177}}
27. ^{{cite web | title = IMDb Trivia for 'Shark!' | url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0066365/trivia | accessdate= July 13, 2007 }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/9070578|title=Albert John Bakunas Jnr|publisher=Find A Grave|accessdate=26 June 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/jayan_special/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151435/http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/jayan_special/index.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=18 November 2009 |title=Jayan- A Golden Memory |publisher=Manoramaonline |date=16 November 2009 |accessdate=2011-06-08 }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djVBzrucNLY |title=Twilight Zone Accident}}
31. ^{{cite book | title=Outrageous Conduct: Art, Ego and the Twilight Zone Case | publisher=Arbor House (Morrow) | year=1988 | accessdate=9 July 2013 |author1=Farber, Stephen |author2=Green, Marc |lastauthoramp=yes }}
32. ^Noe, Denise. "The Twilight Zone Tragedy: Funerals and Blame" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160436/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/twilight_zone/3.html |date=2013-10-19 }} www.trutv.com
33. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0740009/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Biography for Reid Rondell] at Internet Movie Database
34. ^Ashurst, Sam (November 4, 2008). Hollywood's deadliest stunts. Total Film.
35. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw95w0WFqA0&t=6m12s Top Gun credits]
36. ^{{citation|title=Jet|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|date=30 Nov 1987|issn=0021-5996|pages=66}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095269,00.html |title=Death Cheats the King of Movie Daredevils, Dar Robinson|publisher=people.com |date=1986-12-15 |accessdate=2011-08-26}}
38. ^{{cite news|title= Bruce Lee's Son, Brandon, Killed in Movie Accident|publisher= The Los Angeles Times|date=April 1, 1993|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-01/news/mn-17681_1_actor-brandon-lee|accessdate=2010-12-07|first=Robert W.|last=Welkos}}
39. ^{{cite news|title= The Brief Life and Unnecessary Death of Brandon Lee|publisher= Entertainment Weekly|date=April 16, 1993|url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306206,00.html|accessdate=2010-12-07|first=Mark|last=Harris}}
40. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109506/trivia The Crow (1994) - Trivia - IMDb]
41. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/stuntman-killed-in-parachute-jump-1471168.html|title=Stuntman Killed in Parachute Jump|newspaper=The Independent|date=6 February 1993|accessdate=1 October 2010}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-02-12/local/me-31166_1_proper-safety-equipment|title=Stuntwoman's Family Sues Over Fatal 42-Foot Fall on Set|publisher=L.A. Times|date=February 12, 1995|author=LISA RESPERS|accessdate=26 June 2014}}
43. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0928584/bio Janet Wilder - Biography] at the Internet Movie Database
44. ^{{cite news|title=Woman Killed in Film Stunt : Accident: Woodland Hills resident was with her stuntman husband when she was struck by a boat.|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-20/local/me-16074_1_woodland-hills|publisher=LA Times | date=1995-12-20}}
45. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=116101|title=Stuntman dies on Seagal Film Set|publisher=ABC News |date=28 August 2000}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/11928 |title=Ain't It Cool News: The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news |publisher=Aintitcool.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-28}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/ap/20080610/121311672000.html |title=Stuntman Killed on John Woo Film |publisher=Yahoo |date= |accessdate=2015-11-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613095803/http://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/ap/20080610/121311672000.html |archivedate=June 13, 2008 }}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/10/28/1189640_expendables-2-stuntman-killed-on-ognyanovo-dam |title=Expendables 2 stuntman killed on Ognyanovo dam |publisher=Sofia Echo Media |work=The Sofia Echo |date=October 28, 2011 |accessdate=October 28, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BWJHhb3s?url=http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/10/28/1189640_expendables-2-stuntman-killed-on-ognyanovo-dam |archivedate=October 19, 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }}
49. ^{{cite magazine |url= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/08/joi-sj-harris-deadpool-2-obit |title= Joi "SJ" Harris, Pioneering Motorcycle Racer, Dies After Deadpool 2 Accident |author= Yohana Desta |date= 15 August 2017 |publisher= Vanity Fair }}
50. ^John Bernecker

External links

{{Wiktionary|stuntman}}{{Commons category|Stunt performers}}
  • Stuntmen's Association
  • Hollywood Stuntmen's Hall Of Fame
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stunt Performer}}

7 : Stunt performers|Acting|Entertainment occupations|Filmmaking occupations|Television terminology|Theatrical occupations|Risk
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