| 词条 | Sturmtiger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|is_vehicle=yes |name=Sturmmörserwagen 606/4 mit 38 cm RW 61 | image= Sturmtiger 2.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=Captured Sturmtiger, April 1945 |origin=Nazi Germany |type=Heavy assault gun | service = August 1944 - 1945 | used_by = | wars = World War II |length={{convert|6.28|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |width={{convert|3.57|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height={{convert|2.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |weight={{convert|68|t|ST LT|lk=on}} |suspension=torsion-bar |speed={{convert|40|km/h|abbr=on}} |vehicle_range={{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} |primary_armament=380 mm RW 61 rocket launcher L/5.4 (14 rounds) |secondary_armament=100 mm grenade launcher (using SMi 35 leaping mines){{citation needed|date=September 2015}} {{convert|7.92|mm|abbr=on}} MG 34 machine gun |armour=max. 150 mm (superstructure front, at 47° from vertical) min. 62 mm |engine=Maybach HL230 P45 V-12, water-cooled gasoline |crew=5 driver machine gunner / radio operator loader 2nd loader commander / gunner |engine_power=700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)[1] |pw_ratio=10.77 PS/tonne |designer=Alkett |design_date=1943–1944 |manufacturer=Alkett |production_date=October 1943 – January 1945 |number= 18 (using rebuilt Tiger I chassis) |variants= }} Sturmtiger (German: "Assault Tiger") was a World War II German assault gun built on the Tiger I chassis and armed with a 380mm rocket-propelled round. The official German designation was Sturmmörserwagen 606/4 mit 38 cm RW 61. Its primary task was to provide heavy fire support for infantry units fighting in urban areas. The few vehicles produced fought in the Warsaw Uprising, the Battle of the Bulge and the Battle of the Reichswald. The fighting vehicle is also known under a large number of informal names, among which the Sturmtiger became the most popular. DevelopmentThe idea for a heavy infantry support vehicle capable of demolishing heavily defended buildings or fortified areas with a single shot came out of the experiences of the heavy urban fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. At the time, the Wehrmacht had only the Sturm-Infanteriegeschütz 33B available for destroying buildings, a Sturmgeschütz III variant armed with a 15 cm sIG 33 heavy infantry gun. Twelve of them were lost in the fighting at Stalingrad. Its successor, the Sturmpanzer IV, also known by Allies as Brummbär, was in production from early 1943. This was essentially an improved version of the earlier design, mounting the same gun on the Panzer IV chassis with greatly improved armour protection. While greatly improved compared to the earlier models, by this time infantry anti-tank weapons were improving dramatically, and the Wehrmacht still saw a need for a similar, but heavier armoured and armed vehicle. Therefore, a decision was made to create a new vehicle based on the Tiger tank and arm it with a 210 mm howitzer. However, this weapon turned out not to be available at the time and was therefore replaced by a 380 mm rocket launcher, which was adapted from a Kriegsmarine depth charge launcher. In September 1943 plans were made for Krupp to fabricate new Tiger I armored hulls for the Sturmtiger. The Tiger I hulls were to be sent to Henschel for chassis assembly and then to Alkett where the superstructures would be mounted. The first prototype was ready and presented to Adolf Hitler in October 1943. Delivery of the first hulls would occur in December 1943, with the first three Sturmtiger completed by Alkett by 20 February 1944. Due to delays, Hitler did not request production of the weapon until 19 April 1944; 12 superstructures and weapons would be prepared and mounted on rebuilt Tiger I chassis. The first three production series Sturmtiger were completed by Alkett in August 1944. Plans to complete an additional seven from 15 to 21 September 1944 were presented to Hitler in a conference on 18–20 August 1944. Ten Sturmtiger were produced in September, along with an additional five in December 1944.[1] Hitler had laid great importance on the special employment of the Sturmtiger and believed it would be necessary to produce at least 300 rounds of ammunition per month.[1] DesignThe Sturmtiger was based on the late model Tiger I, keeping its hull and suspension. The front of the Tiger's superstructure was removed to make room for the new fixed casemate-style fighting compartment housing the rocket launcher. This was located directly at the front of the vehicle, giving it a boxy appearance. Compared to the Tiger tank, the Sturmtiger was much shorter overall, only {{convert|6.28|m|ftin|abbr=on}} compared to the Tiger's {{convert|8.45|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, due largely to the fact that it did not have the long main gun of the latter which protruded far in front of the hull. It also was slightly lower than the Tiger at {{convert|2.85|m|ftin|abbr=on}} compared to {{convert|3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. ArmourSince the Sturmtiger was intended for use in urban areas in close range street fighting, it needed to be heavily armoured to survive. Its sloped (at 47° from vertical) frontal armor therefore was {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, while its superstructure side and rear plates were {{convert|82|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick.[2] The hull front was {{convert|100|mm|in}} or {{convert|150|mm|in}} if it had an additional armor plate fitted. This pushed the weight of the vehicle up from the {{convert|57|t|ton|abbr=on}} of the Tiger I to {{convert|68|t|ton|abbr=on}}.
ArmamentThe main armament was the 380 mm Raketen-Werfer 61 L/5.4, a breech-loading barrel, which fired short-range, rocket-propelled projectiles roughly {{convert|1.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long. There were a variety of rounds with a weight of up to {{convert|376|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and a maximum range of up to {{convert|6000|m|abbr=on}}, which either contained a high explosive charge of {{convert|125|kg|lb|abbr=on}} or a shaped charge for use against fortifications, which could penetrate up to {{convert|2.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} of reinforced concrete. The stated range of the former was {{convert|5650|m|yd|abbr=on}}. A normal charge first accelerated the projectile to {{convert|45|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, the {{convert|40|kg|lb|abbr=on}} rocket charge then boosted this to about {{convert|250|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}. The design of the rocket system caused some problems. The hot rocket exhaust could not be vented into the fighting compartment nor could the barrel withstand the pressure if the gasses were not vented. Therefore, a ring of ventilation shafts was put around the barrel which channeled the exhaust and gave the weapon something of a pepperbox appearance. Due to the bulkiness of the ammunition, only 14 rounds could be carried, of which one was already loaded, with another in the loading tray. The rest were carried in two storage racks. To help with the loading of ammunition into the vehicle, a loading crane was fitted at the rear of the superstructure next to the loading hatch. Even then, the entire five man crew had to help with the loading. It was intended that each Sturmtiger would be accompanied by an ammunition carrier built on the same Tiger I chassis, but only one carrier was completed.[2] At the loading hatch's rear was located a {{convert|100|mm|in}} grenade launcher, using bouncing mines, which was used for close range defence against both armoured vehicles and infantry in a 360 degree circle around the vehicle. For defence against infantry attacks, there was a mount in the front for a 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun. Combat serviceThe Sturmtiger was intended to serve as a heavy infantry support vehicle, rendering assistance with attacks on heavily fortified or built-up areas. By the time the first Sturmtiger were available, however, Germany had lost the initiative, with the Wehrmacht being almost exclusively on the defensive rather than the offensive. Three new Panzer companies were raised to operate the Sturmtiger: Panzer Sturmmörser Kompanien (PzStuMrKp) ("Armored Assault Mortar Company") 1000, 1001 and 1002. These originally were supposed to be equipped with fourteen vehicles, but this figure was later reduced to four each, divided into two platoons. PzStuMrKp 1000 was raised on 13 August 1944 and fought during the Warsaw Uprising with two vehicles, as did the prototype in a separate action, which may have been the only time the Sturmtiger was used in its intended role. PzStuMrKp 1001 (commanded by Captain von Gottberg) and 1002 (commanded by Lieutenant Zippel) followed in September and October. Both PzStuMrKp 1000 and 1001 served during the Ardennes Offensive, with a total of seven Sturmtiger. After this offensive, the Sturmtiger were used in the defence of Germany, mainly on the Western Front. During the battle for the bridge at Remagen, German forces mobilized Sturmmörserkompanie 1000 and 1001 (a total of 7 units) to take part in the battle. The Sturmtiger were originally tasked with using their howitzers against the bridge itself, though it was discovered that they lacked the accuracy needed to effectively hit the bridge. During this action, one of the Sturmtigers in Sturmmörserkompanie 1001 near Düren and Euskirchen allegedly hit a group of stationary Shermans tanks in a village with a 380mm round, resulting in nearly all the Shermans being put out of action, and their crews killed or wounded. This is the only tank-on-tank combat a Sturmtiger is ever recorded engaging in.[3][4] After the bridge fell to the Allies, Sturmmörserkompanie 1000 and 1001 were tasked with bombardment of Allied forces to cover the German retreat, as opposed to the bunker busting for which they were originally designed.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} Survivors
See also
Notes1. ^1 Jentz 1999 {{Page needed|date=September 2010}} 2. ^1 2 Livesey 2007, pp. 114–115. 3. ^Kleine, E. and Kühn, V. "Tiger: the History of a Legendary Weapon", 1942-45. p.245 4. ^Schnieder, Wolfgang, "Elefant Jagdtiger Sturmtiger: Rarities of the Tiger Family" Schiffler Military History September 1990, p45 References
External links{{Commons category|Sturmtiger}}
| portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Tank | portal3=World War II | commons=y | commons-search=Sturmtiger }} 2 : World War II assault guns|World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Germany |
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