| 词条 | Piracy in the Strait of Hormuz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Piracy has taken place in a maritime area bounded by the Suez and the Strait of Hormuz. Approximately 35 percent of all crude oil shipped by sea and one-third of all liquefied natural gas pass through the strait.[1] High Risk Areas (HRA)High Risk Areas for piracy (HRA) have been declared in different parts of the world to reflect precautions to be taken when ships transit them.[2] These include the following: Contact Group of Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS)As per the Contact group of Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS), the HRA (updated on 8 October 2015) is an area bounded by the following:[3] In the Red Sea: northern limit: Latitude 15°N, In the Gulf of Oman: northern limit: Latitude 22°N Eastern limit: Longitude 065°E Southern limit: Latitude 5°S Joint War Committee (JWC)As per the JWC, as of 12 June 2013, in the Indian Ocean, the waters enclosed by: on the North West by the Red Sea, south of Latitude 15° N; on the west of the Gulf of Oman by Longitude 58° E; on the east, Longitude 78° E; and on the south, Latitude 12° S excepting coastal waters of adjoining territories up to 12 nautical miles offshore unless otherwise provided constitute Hull War, Piracy, Terrorism and Related Perils Listed Area.[4] International Transport Workers Federation (ITF)The ITF has promulgated ITF 'Warlike', HRA and Extended Risk Zone.[5] International Bargaining ForumIMEC, a maritime employers committee consisting primarily of ship managers and manning agents, and the ITF together decide the limits of areas to be designated as war like or extended risk. This has commercial repercussions on the added insurance charged from ships for their transit, and for seafarers.[6] The IBF has also promulgated IBF 'Warlike Operations Area', IBF HRA and IBF 'Extended Risk Zones'. Changes from March 2018From 1 March 2018, the IBF list of designated risk areas was revised as follows:
SummaryA table summarising the risk areas related to piracy is tabulated below.
ControversyWith the decline of the number of successful and attempted piracy incidents since 2012, the extent and scope of the HRA has increasingly become controversial. This notably concerns whether the territorial waters and EEZ’ of the Western Indian Ocean littorals should be considered part of the HRA.[13] Position of Coastal StatesLittoral states want the scope of the HRA reviewed on account of economic considerations as well as the proliferation of arms and ammunition in the HRA.[13] Position of Shipping IndustryThe shipping industry assessment is that it is yet early to revise that scope of the HRA as revising the HRA could lead to 'loss of awareness' in the industry and possible 'disengagement' of naval actors.[13] Developments2012Nov 2012At the 12th CGPCS held on 25 Jul 2012, CGPCS 'noted' the continued reduction in the reach and extent of piracy in the East Arabian Sea, especially east of 70 degrees East, and asked Working Group (WG) 3 to consider a review of the HRA through discussions with industry, the drafters of BMP.[14] Nov 2012At the 13th CGPCS held on 11 Dec 2012, CGPCS 'noted' the proposed meeting of a sub-group of WG 3 on 15 January 2013 in London which will include interested Member States and representatives of the insurance and maritime industry to further discuss the issue of the review of existing boundaries of the HRA on an objective and transparent basis taking into account actual incidents of piracy.[15] 2013January 2013At the WG3 ad hoc meeting on HRA on 15 January 2013 at London, Egypt, India, and Oman submitted papers replying to inquiries of the industry and requesting review of the scope of the HRA.[16] May 2013At the 14th CGPCS held on 1 May 2013, it was decided that WG3 will hold another ad hoc meeting on the HRA in the second half 2013 to review the threat assessment by naval forces, any changes in the position of stakeholders, and the possibility of reducing the scope of the HRA.[16] November 2013At the 15th CGPCS Plenary session, the Chair of Working Group 3 (WG3) noted the enduring concern of countries over the scope of the HRA and submitted that the industry desired more time for internal deliberation after the first meeting of a SHADE working group to conduct a threat analysis in December 2013. Several delegations expressed the importance of implementing the convening of an ad hoc meeting to review the scope of HRA before the end of 2013 and expressed regret that the meeting has not been convened. Those delegations expressed their view that the 'extended HRA as outlined in BMPs 3 and 4 does not reflect the reality regarding piracy activity in the Red Sea and some parts of the Indian Ocean'.[17] 2014May 2014At the 16th CGPCS plenary, on 14 May 2014, it was noted that 'the enduring concern of some countries on the scope of the HRA' and 'the fact that the ad hoc meeting to discuss this issue, as agreed to in previous Plenaries, is yet to be held' and it was agreed to convene an ad hoc meeting on the HRA issue just before the 17th Plenary.[17] October 2014A special, ad hoc meeting on the scope of the HRA was convened on 26 October 2014, by the (CGPCS), prior to the 17th Plenary. The meeting agreed that a future meeting on the same subject should be convened by the Chair of the CGPCS by end of Mar 15 to facilitate a recommendation on the review of the scope of the HRA.[18] 2015March 2015On 13 March 2015 an extraordinary meeting of the CGPCS was held to address the issue of the revision of the HRA. several countries called on the industry to review and redraw the High Risk Area from 78° East to 65° East and exclude the Red Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Exclusive Economic Zone of Pakistan from the HRA.[19] It was agreed to initiate a process to review the HRA based on a threat assessment by the military followed by a risk assessment by the shipping industry.[13] On 17 March 2015, at a session of the Subcommittee on Security and Defense of the European Parliament, Dr Marcus Houben, stated that the CGPCS was 'confident that a solution to this issue will be found within the context of the CGPCS in the near future'.[20] October 2015On 8 October 2015, the European Union Chair of the Contact Group of Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) announced a revision of the limits of High Risk Area (HRA). The new limit was placed at 65°E Longitude.[10] List of countries seeking review of HRA
See also
References1. ^{{cite news|last1=Wiese Bockmann|first1=Michelle|title=Pirates Threaten Ship in Closest Ever Incident to Hormuz|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-27/pirates-threaten-container-ship-in-closest-ever-incident-to-hormuz-strait|accessdate=27 May 2015|work=Bloomberg News|date=27 February 2012}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=ITF war like and high risk areas|url=http://www.itfseafarers.org/warlike-high-risk-areas.cfm|website=Itfseafarers.org|publisher=ITF seafarers|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Somali Pirate Activity The High Risk Area|url=http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/default-source/Piracy-Docs/hra-revisions-and-supporting-guidance.pdf?sfvrsn=0|website=Ics-shipping.org|accessdate=17 January 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Bulletins/Circulars|url=http://www.lmalloyds.com/Web/market_places/marine/JWC/JW_Bulletins/JWLA021.aspx|website=Lloyd's Market Association|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=ITF Warlike and High Risk Areas|url=http://www.itfseafarers.org/warlike-high-risk-areas.cfm|website=ITF Seafarers|accessdate=12 April 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=IBF war like operations|url=http://www.imec.org.uk/about/ibf-warlike-operations/|website=Imec.org.uk|publisher=IMEC|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=IBF LIST of designated risk areas, with applicable benefits (as of 1 March 2018)|url=http://www.itfseafarers.org/files/seealsodocs/33553/IBF%20WARLIKE%20ANDHIGH%20RISK%20AREAS.pdf|website=Itfseafarers.org|publisher=ITF|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=IBF High Risk and Extended Risk Areas in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean|url=https://www.londonpandi.com/article/611/ibf-high-risk-and-extended-risk-areas-in-the-gulf-of-aden-and-indian-ocean/|website=Londonpandi.com|publisher=London P&I Club|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Annex 1 to ITF Circular No 068/S.17/D.20/SS.7/2012|url=http://www.ltfja.lv/uploaded_files/ibf_war_zones.pdf|website=Ltfja.lv|publisher=ITF|accessdate=5 March 2018}} 10. ^1 {{cite news|title=Revision of Piracy High Risk Area (HRA)|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128560|accessdate=17 January 2016|agency=Press Information Bureau Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=9 October 2015}} 11. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmalloyds.com/Web/market_places/marine/JWC/Joint_War.aspx# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175105/http://www.lmalloyds.com/Web/market_places/marine/JWC/Joint_War.aspx# |archive-date=2015-04-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.itfseafarers.org/files/seealsodocs/33553/IBF%20LIST%20OF%20WARLIKE%20AND%20HIGH%20RISK%20DEFINITIONS%20JULY%202014.pdf|format=PDF|title=IBF LIST : of designated risk areas, with applicable benefits (as of 1 March 2018)|website=Itfseafarers.org|accessdate=4 October 2018}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Progress in HRA controversy: CGPCS participants agree on process|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/2015/03/15/progress-in-hra-controversy-cgpcs-participants-agree-on-process/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=15 March 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Twelfth Plenary Session of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia|url=https://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/202270.htm|website=US Department of State|accessdate=29 March 2015}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Thirteenth Plenary Session of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia|url=https://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/202270.htm|website=US Department of State|accessdate=29 March 2015}} 16. ^1 {{cite web|title=14th CGPCS Plenary Communique|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/archive/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=29 March 2015}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|title=CGPCS Communiques [public]|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/archive/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Communique of the 17th plenary session of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia.|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/2014/11/23/communique-of-the-17th-plenary-session-of-the-contact-group-on-piracy-off-the-coast-of-somalia/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=15 March 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Summary of Meeting|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/news/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=CGPCS discussed in the European Parliament|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/news/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Chair Publishes Summary of HRA Meeting|url=http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/news/|website=Lessons from Piracy|accessdate=28 March 2015}} 1 : Piracy in the Indian Ocean |
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